Application progress and challenges of 1D fiber electrodes in wearable devices

Abstract

Fiber electrodes, with their one-dimensional (1D) structure, bring distinct advantages to flexible electronics. Their mechanical flexibility, high conductivity, and weavability make them ideal for energy storage, sensing, and biomedical applications. Unlike rigid electrodes, fiber electrodes support lightweight, comfortable wearables with reliable electrical performance under dynamic conditions. This review explores recent progress and challenges in fiber electrodes, emphasizing material selection, fabrication methods, and applications in energy storage, sensing, and biomedicine. Key materials for fiber electrodes include carbon-based materials, metal nanomaterials, and conductive polymers, with carbon nanotubes and graphene as promising candidates due to their conductivity and mechanical strength. Performance can be further optimized through hybridization and surface modifications. Fiber electrodes show strong potential in supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries, offering high surface areas and energy densities essential for flexible energy storage. In flexible sensors, fiber electrodes provide precise monitoring of human motion and environmental changes. Their biocompatibility also makes them suitable for wearable medical devices. Challenges remain in balancing conductivity with flexibility, reducing fabrication costs, and ensuring durability. Future research should focus on more efficient, scalable fabrication methods and advanced materials to enhance stability and performance, propelling wearable devices for smart health monitoring and self-powered systems.