Analytical techniques for arsenic speciation

Abstract

Due to its toxicity, contamination with arsenic, a Group 1 carcinogen, is a significant environmental and public health issue. The toxicity of arsenic varies with its chemical form. For example, inorganic species like arsenite (AsO₃³⁻) and arsenate (AsO₄³⁻) are generally more toxic than organoarsenic compounds. However, some organoarsenic species exhibit higher toxicity than inorganic species. Therefore, the precise quantification and speciation of arsenic is necessary. Chromatographic techniques, particularly liquid chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LC-ICP-MS), are widely used for arsenic speciation owing to their high sensitivity and accuracy. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is another effective technique for detecting arsenic species after derivatization. In addition to chromatographic methods, more straightforward and cost-effective techniques are available for inorganic arsenic speciation. These include adsorption techniques, colorimetric assays such as the molybdenum blue method, hydride generation reactions, and voltammetry. Emerging technologies, such as microfluidic and electrochemical devices, enable rapid and portable analysis, facilitating in situ detection of arsenite and arsenate in environmental samples. While LC-ICP-MS remains the gold standard for comprehensive arsenic speciation, other advanced technologies provide a practical, rapid, and cost-effective approach.

Graphical Abstract