Impact of COVID-19 on medical utilization for psychiatric conditions in Japan

Abstract

Background

During COVID-19, Japan experienced an increase in suicides, in contrast to many other countries. We sought to examine whether access to outpatient and inpatient care for psychiatric conditions was maintained in Japan during the pandemic.

Methods

Difference-in-differences analysis with Poisson regression comparing psychiatric patient admissions during the pre-pandemic period (January 2015–December 2019) versus the pandemic period (January 2020–December 2020) was performed, using the data from 242 acute-care hospitals in Japan. The Japanese government's emergency declaration in April 2020 was considered an exogenous shock. Primary outcomes included the number of inpatient and outpatient admissions for schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, dementia, and alcohol-related disorders.

Results

During the study period, 79,867 outpatient cases and 2600 hospitalizations were observed. The difference-in-differences analysis showed a decline in the number of outpatient and inpatient admissions except for anxiety disorders after April 2020: incidence-rate ratios (95% confidence intervals), 0·92 (0·83 - 1·02) and 0·71 (0·46 - 1·09) for outpatients and inpatients with schizophrenia, 0·92 (0·85 - 0·99) and 0·87 (0·50 - 1·49) for mood disorders, 1·02 (0·92 - 1·13) and 1·07 (0·69 - 1·65) for anxiety disorders, 0·88 (0·80 - 0·96) and 0·68 (0·38 - 1·22) for dementia, and 0·77 (0·54 - 1·11) and 0·63 (0·43 - 0·90) for alcohol-related disorders.

Conclusion

In Japan, psychiatric admissions decreased overall following the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, with the exception of anxiety disorder cases. The decrease in psychiatric care utilization contrasted with rising suicide rates in the nation, underscoring the need for enhanced psychiatric access during crises.