Submarine gravity flows and their interaction with offshore pipelines: A review of recent advances

Abstract

The increase in offshore exploration for oil and natural gas has raised concerns about the safety of pipelines in the face of submarine slides, debris flow, and high-density turbidity currents. These submarine gravity flows constitute significant marine geohazards as they undermine the structural integrity of offshore pipelines, underscoring the importance of understanding the complexities of the dynamic interaction process. We herein present a comprehensive review of the complex interactions between submarine gravity flows and offshore pipelines. Emphasis is on the influence of pipeline characteristics, environmental factors, and flow properties on the impact force exerted on the offshore pipeline and the overall interaction process. Recent literature indicates that implementing modified pipeline designs, such as streamlined shapes and advanced design materials, can effectively minimize drag and lift forces, thus potentially reducing the risk of damage by submarine gravity flows. This underscores the need to combine sophisticated engineering designs and durable materials to protect offshore pipelines. This paper provides an in-depth understanding of the interaction between submarine gravity flows and pipeline infrastructures, suggesting the implementation of real-time monitoring technologies, novel pipeline materials, and the adoption of innovative designs that can withstand adverse seafloor environments and effectively mitigate the risk of sediment-induced damage in landslide-prone regions. The article summarizes existing knowledge on mitigative technologies and recommends areas for further investigation to improve the safety and durability of submarine pipelines.