Engineering Geology最新文献

A data-driven calibration method for the friction coefficients between rock particles 岩石颗粒间摩擦系数的数据驱动标定方法

IF 8.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Engineering Geology

Pub Date : 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108516

Zhengbin Liu , Shuai Wang , Shuwei Wu , Jianbo Guo , Yiwei Mao , Zeren Chen , Qingxue Huang

Accurately setting the friction coefficient between rock particles is a critical prerequisite for ensuring the validity of dynamic mechanical behavior simulations of rocks. The geometric and physical parameters of rock particles have complex effects on the friction coefficient. However, existing calibration methods often have limitations in terms of precision, efficiency, and applicability. To address these issues, this study proposes a novel calibration method for the friction coefficient of rock particles, which integrates sphero-polyhedron modeling techniques with a data-driven strategy. The method uses the angle of repose (AOR) as a reference for quantitative analysis, considering the influence of the particle geometric parameters and material physical properties on the friction coefficient. By constructing a discrete element simulation database and generating a sample dataset, a mapping relationship is established with AOR and vertical aspect ratios as inputs, and the static friction coefficient, dynamic friction coefficient, and rolling resistance coefficient as outputs. This enables rapid calibration of the friction coefficient through a data-driven approach. The experimental results show that the proposed method not only achieves excellent accuracy but also demonstrates strong generalizability, providing a new approach for determining the friction coefficient in rock particle simulation analysis and offering valuable support for geotechnical engineering analysis.

准确确定岩石颗粒间摩擦系数是保证岩石动态力学行为模拟有效性的重要前提。岩石颗粒的几何和物理参数对摩擦系数有复杂的影响。然而，现有的校准方法在精度、效率和适用性方面往往存在局限性。为了解决这些问题，本研究提出了一种新的岩石颗粒摩擦系数校准方法，该方法将球多面体建模技术与数据驱动策略相结合。该方法以休止角（AOR）为参考进行定量分析，考虑了颗粒几何参数和材料物理性能对摩擦系数的影响。通过构建离散元仿真数据库，生成样本数据集，建立以AOR和垂直宽高比为输入，静摩擦系数、动摩擦系数和滚动阻力系数为输出的映射关系。这使得通过数据驱动的方法快速校准摩擦系数。实验结果表明，该方法不仅具有较好的精度，而且具有较强的通用性，为岩石颗粒模拟分析中摩擦系数的确定提供了一种新的方法，为岩土工程分析提供了有价值的支持。

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引用次数: 0

Ancient landslide on the Tibet Plateau(China): Reactivation mechanism and post-failure behavior prediction

IF 8.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Engineering Geology

Pub Date : 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108515

Ruian Wu , Yongshuang Zhang , Chang Qi , Wenbo Zhao , Xiang Li , Deguang Song , Haishan Ma , Qijun Zou

Large-scale ancient landslides in the Himalayan region are increasingly susceptible to reactivation due to climate change and intensifying engineering activities, posing catastrophic geohazard risks. This study deciphers the complete failure chain of the Pangcun ancient landslide (∼18.9 × 10⁶ m³) in Tibet, employing a multi-methodological approach that integrates remote sensing, field investigation, geotechnical testing, and numerical modeling. Our findings reveal a composite failure mechanism characterized by initial retrogressive deformation followed by thrust-style propagation. The reactivation manifests as a creep-slip process within the accumulation mass at depths of 6–25 m, where toe excavation induced early-stage retrogressive cracking, while subsequent rainfall infiltration triggered a thrust-style failure pushing from the rear. Stability analysis quantitatively confirms this vulnerability, showing the Factor of Safety (FoS) decreasing from a marginally stable 1.043 under natural conditions to an unstable 0.951 during heavy rainfall. Furthermore, post-failure simulations predict that a shallow failure could evolve into a high-speed event, reaching peak velocities of up to 17.8 m/s and a runout distance of 840 m, thereby directly endangering the G219 National Highway and downstream communities. Ultimately, this study provides a robust mechanistic framework for assessing similar ancient landslides, facilitating a critical shift in hazard management from reactive response to proactive, mechanism-based prevention.

由于气候变化和工程活动的加剧，喜马拉雅地区的大型古滑坡越来越容易被重新激活，具有灾难性的地质灾害风险。本研究破译了盘村古滑坡的完整破坏链（~ 18）。我们的发现揭示了一种复合破坏机制，其特征是最初的后退变形随后是逆冲式扩展。再激活表现为堆积体内部6 ~ 25 m深度的蠕滑过程，其中趾部开挖引起早期退变开裂，随后的降雨入渗引发从后方推入的逆冲式破坏。稳定性分析定量地证实了这一脆弱性，表明安全系数（FoS）从自然条件下的边缘稳定的1.043下降到强降雨时的不稳定的0.951。此外，故障后模拟预测，浅层故障可能演变为高速事件，峰值速度可达17.8 m/s，跳距可达840 m，直接危及G219国道及下游社区。最终，这项研究为评估类似的古代滑坡提供了一个强大的机制框架，促进了灾害管理从被动响应到主动、基于机制的预防的关键转变。

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引用次数: 0

Strength and non-coaxiality behavior of warm frozen silt under inclined principal stress axes 倾斜主应力轴作用下温冻粉土强度及非同轴线特性

IF 8.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Engineering Geology

Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108509

Furong Liu , Wei Ma , Yanhu Mu , Zhi Wen , Mingde Shen , Pengfei He

Under the background of global climate changing, the warming of permafrost has led to numerous engineering infrastructures being operated on warm permafrost foundations with diminishing bearing capacity. Meanwhile, infrastructure construction not only increases the overburden load on permafrost foundations but also induces directional deviation of the principal stress axis relative to the vertical direction. Therefore, conducting study on the stress-strain behavior and strength characteristics along different principal stress directions in warm frozen soils is imperative for accurately assessing deformation evolution patterns and bearing capacity of warm permafrost foundations. Thus, the stress-strain relationships respond, non-coaxiality evolution and strength distribution characteristics during directional loading along different principal stress directions were systematically investigated. The results indicated that the influence of principal stress direction on the strength intensifies with decreasing initial mean principal stress (when p_₀ = 500 kPa, the strength at α = 45° exhibits a 27.3 % reduction compared to the α = 0°). Concurrently, increasing initial mean principal stress diminishes both the stress-strain non-coaxiality angle and the directional dependence of strength. Furthermore, a novel strength model incorporating principal stress direction is proposed for warm frozen silt. These findings elucidate the correlation mechanisms between non-coaxiality evolution and strength anisotropy in warm frozen silt under fixed principal stress direction, providing theoretical foundations for optimizing engineering designs in permafrost regions under warming scenarios.

在全球气候变化的背景下，多年冻土的变暖导致许多工程基础设施在温暖的多年冻土基础上运行，其承载能力下降。同时，基础设施建设不仅增加了多年冻土基础上的覆盖层荷载，而且引起了主应力轴相对于垂直方向的方向性偏差。因此，研究暖冻土在不同主应力方向上的应力-应变行为和强度特征，对于准确评估暖冻土地基的变形演化模式和承载力具有重要意义。在此基础上，系统研究了不同主应力方向定向加载过程中的应力-应变关系响应、非同轴演化和强度分布特征。结果表明，主应力方向对强度的影响随着初始平均主应力的减小而增强（当p 0 = 500 kPa时，α = 45°处的强度比α = 0°处降低27.3%）。同时，初始平均主应力的增大减小了应力-应变非同轴角和强度的方向依赖性。在此基础上，提出了一种考虑主应力方向的温冻粉土强度模型。研究结果阐明了固定主应力方向下暖冻粉土非共轴线演化与强度各向异性的相关机制，为暖化情景下多年冻土区工程优化设计提供了理论依据。

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引用次数: 0

High-precision 3D seismic event (SE) location method for slopes incorporating complex strata and topographic effects: A case study of creeping slopes in the Hengduan Mountains, Eastern Tibet

IF 8.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Engineering Geology

Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108512

Ming Wei , Jinlai Zhu , Zhen Guo , Wen Zhang , Linpeng Qin , Zongzheng Li , Xiaoyan Wang , Qi Sun

Traditional microseismic location methods face severe limitations in complex mountainous terrain due to oversimplified velocity assumptions and neglect of topographic effects, often yielding location errors exceeding 20–30 m. This case study demonstrates how high-precision 3D seismic event (SE) location can be achieved in such challenging environments through two key methodological innovations: (1) incorporation of complex stratigraphic structures using high-resolution 3D velocity models derived from dense array surface wave tomography (SWT), capturing velocity variations from ∼200–2500 m/s characteristic of weathered and fractured slope masses; and (2) integration of topographic effects through fast marching ray tracing within DEM-constrained domains, computing physically realistic wave paths that honor both velocity structure and terrain geometry. Application to actively deforming slopes in the Hengduan Mountains of eastern Tibet—where extreme topographic relief (>700 m) and complex geological structures exemplify the challenges confronting conventional methods—demonstrates location accuracies of 3 m overall and 1.5 m within dense array coverage areas. The excellent agreement between SWT-derived velocity structures and independent geological observations from boreholes and field mapping confirms the physical validity of the wave propagation models. Furthermore, analysis of 1470 SEs located over one year reveals shallow microseismic activity (0–43 m depth) concentrated within zones of maximum surface deformation identified by interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), with characteristic frequencies of 4–9 Hz and balanced energy distributions indicative of continuous creeping behavior. The strong spatial correlation between located SE clusters and independently measured surface deformation validates that our dual consideration of complex strata and topographic effects successfully captures the true subsurface source distribution. This methodology provides the spatial resolution essential for reliable slope stability assessment in complex geological settings.

传统的微震定位方法在复杂的山地地形中存在严重的局限性，由于速度假设过于简化，忽略了地形效应，定位误差往往超过20-30 m。该案例研究展示了如何通过两种关键的方法创新，在如此具有挑战性的环境中实现高精度的三维地震事件（SE）定位：(1)利用密集阵列表面波层析成像（SWT）衍生的高分辨率3D速度模型，结合复杂的地层结构，捕捉风化和断裂斜坡体的速度变化特征，从~ 200-2500 m/s；(2)在dem约束域内通过快速行进光线追踪整合地形效果，计算符合速度结构和地形几何的物理真实波径。5米内密集阵列覆盖区域。swt导出的速度结构与独立的钻孔地质观测和野外测绘之间的良好一致性证实了波传播模型的物理有效性。此外，对1470处一年多的se的分析表明，浅层微地震活动（0-43 m深度）集中在干涉合成孔径雷达（InSAR）识别的地表最大变形区内，特征频率为4-9 Hz，能量分布均衡，表明连续蠕变行为。所定位的SE簇与独立测量的地表变形之间的强空间相关性验证了我们对复杂地层和地形效应的双重考虑成功捕获了真实的地下震源分布。该方法为复杂地质环境下可靠的边坡稳定性评估提供了必要的空间分辨率。

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引用次数: 0

Water-sand mixture inrush in underground pathways: Risk factors and mitigation strategies 地下通道水沙混合物涌流：风险因素和缓解策略

IF 7.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Engineering Geology

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108510

Jinxi Liang, Wanghua Sui, Ming Ye, Sara Kasmaeeyazdi, Francesco Tinti

Water-sand mixture inrush (WSMI) events pose severe threats to mining safety, infrastructure stability, and subsurface operations. This study first develops a pathway loss model to integrating frictional and expansion-induced hydraulic head losses, and then applies the Sobol-based global sensitivity analysis (GSA) to the model to evaluate WSMI risk for the following two scenarios (1) direct pathway-induced WSMI (with short, gravity-driven pathways) and (2) indirect or combined pathway-induced WSMI (with long, complex, pressure-driven pathways). For the two scenarios, GSA identifies fluid velocity as the dominant parameter, with pathway expansion loss governing direct inrush and friction loss dominating indirect inrush. Hydraulic head loss is markedly higher in the indirect inrush scenario than in the direct inrush scenario. Accordingly, tailored mitigation strategies are developed. For the direct inrush scenario (simple pathways), the priority is to cut off the energy conversion chain; for indirect inrush scenario (complex pathways), the focus is on dissipating excess energy. These findings advance the mechanistic understanding of WSMI and offer scenario-specific guidance for hazard control.

水砂混合涌流事件对矿山安全、基础设施稳定和井下作业造成严重威胁。本研究首先建立了一个通道损失模型来整合摩擦和膨胀引起的水头损失，然后将基于sobol的全局敏感性分析（GSA）应用于该模型，以评估以下两种情况下的WSMI风险：(1)直接通道诱导的WSMI（具有短的、重力驱动的路径）和(2)间接或联合通道诱导的WSMI（具有长、复杂的、压力驱动的路径）。对于这两种情况，GSA将流体速度确定为主导参数，通道膨胀损失控制直接涌流，摩擦损失控制间接涌流。间接突水时水头损失明显高于直接突水时。因此，制定了量身定制的缓解战略。对于直接涌流场景（路径简单），首先要切断能量转换链；对于间接涌流场景（复杂路径），重点是耗散多余能量。这些发现促进了对WSMI的机制理解，并为灾害控制提供了具体的场景指导。

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引用次数: 0

Probabilistic analysis of stress effects on an unsaturated soil slope stability using convolutional neural networks and Bayesian optimisation 基于卷积神经网络和贝叶斯优化的应力对非饱和土边坡稳定性影响的概率分析

IF 8.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Engineering Geology

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108511

Chuanxiang Qu , Yutong Liu , Haowen Guo , Leilei Liu

Probabilistic stability analysis of unsaturated soil slope with spatial variability under rainfall infiltration is computationally intensive due to highly non-linear behaviour and numerous repeated computations. In the field, unsaturated soil typically experiences specific stress states, and these stress levels can influence soil water capacity, thereby affecting slope stability. However, such stress effects have rarely been considered in previous probabilistic analyses of unsaturated soil slope stability. The relative importance of stress effects and spatial variability on slope stability remains unclear. To tackle these issues, a convolutional neural network with Bayesian optimisation (CNNB) is proposed as a surrogate algorithm. A completely decomposed tuff (CDT) slope, which is commonly observed in Hong Kong, serves as an example. Stress effects are characterised by a stress-dependent water retention model that effectively captures the influence of stress on water capacity at any given stress level. The spatially varying soil hydraulic and mechanical parameters of the slope are simulated by multivariate cross-correlated random fields. It is found that the proposed CNNB considerably enhances computational efficiency by at least 7.7 times compared to the random finite element method combined with the random limit equilibrium method (RFEM-RLEM). Meanwhile, it maintains a reliable probability of failure (p_f) assessment with a prediction error as low as 2.9 %. Ignoring stress effects underestimates p_f of the slope by up to 90 % under rainfall in Hong Kong with a 100-year return period. Stress effects have a more significant influence than spatial variability when computing the factor of safety (FOS) of the slope. Utilising deterministic analysis without stress effects as a benchmark, the difference in FOS due to stress effects is about 3.5 times that of spatial variability. Additionally, without considering spatial variability can also lead to unsafe assessments, as evidenced by a mean FOS value of 1.04 corresponding to a 22.6 % p_f, indicating a hazardous performance level.

降雨入渗条件下具有空间变异性的非饱和土边坡概率稳定性分析由于其高度非线性和多次重复计算，计算量很大。在野外，非饱和土通常经历特定的应力状态，这些应力水平会影响土壤的水容量，从而影响边坡的稳定性。然而，在以往非饱和土边坡稳定性的概率分析中，很少考虑这种应力效应。应力效应和空间变异性对边坡稳定性的相对重要性尚不清楚。为了解决这些问题，提出了一种带有贝叶斯优化（CNNB）的卷积神经网络作为替代算法。香港常见的完全分解凝灰岩（CDT）斜坡就是一个例子。应力效应的特征是一个应力依赖的水保持模型，该模型有效地捕获了在任何给定应力水平下应力对水容量的影响。利用多元互相关随机场模拟了边坡土体水力力学参数的空间变化。结果表明，与传统随机有限元法结合随机极限平衡法（RFEM-RLEM）相比，CNNB的计算效率提高了至少7.7倍，同时保持了可靠的失效概率（pf）评估，预测误差低至2.9% %。如果忽略应力效应，在香港100年一次的降雨情况下，坡度被低估了90% %。在计算边坡安全系数（FOS）时，应力效应比空间变异性的影响更显著。以不受应力影响的确定性分析为基准，应力影响导致的FOS差异约为空间变异的3.5倍。此外，不考虑空间变异性也可能导致不安全的评估，如平均FOS值1.04对应于22.6% % pf，表明危险性能水平。

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引用次数: 0

Interpretable regional-scale geological mapping using a contrastive graph attention network for multimodal data fusion and recognition of controlling factors 基于对比图关注网络的多模态数据融合与控制因素识别的可解释区域尺度地质填图

IF 8.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Engineering Geology

Pub Date : 2025-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108508

Fanfan Yang , Renguang Zuo , Oliver P. Kreuzer

Data-driven deep learning approaches have exhibited promising performance in engineering geological mapping. However, existing methods face challenges in geological mapping based on multimodal data fusion due to their limited ability to exploit the complementary features among geoscience data. Moreover, the poor interpretability of deep learning methods limits their applicability for downstream engineering decision-making. To address these issues, this study designed a novel interpretable framework combining a contrastive multimodal graph attention network (CMGAT) with GNNExplainer (generating explanations for graph neural networks) for geological mapping. CMGAT was developed to extract discriminative features from multimodal graphs and align cross-modal representations via contrastive learning, while GNNExplainer was applied to quantify the influence of graph structure and geological features on the identification of geological units. The proposed CMGAT outperformed other unimodal models, achieving overall accuracies of 91 % and 82.9 % in lithological and fault mapping, respectively, in southwestern Fujian Province of China. Moreover, the GNNExplainer analysis identified key graph structure and geological indicators for geological unit delineation, strengthening the credibility of the predictive results. The framework can be further extended to diverse engineering geological mapping tasks.

数据驱动的深度学习方法在工程地质填图中表现出了良好的性能。然而，现有的基于多模态数据融合的地质填图方法由于无法充分利用地球科学数据之间的互补特征而面临挑战。此外，深度学习方法的可解释性差限制了其在下游工程决策中的适用性。为了解决这些问题，本研究设计了一个新的可解释框架，将对比多模态图注意网络（CMGAT）与gnexplinterpreter（生成图神经网络的解释）相结合，用于地质制图。开发CMGAT用于从多模态图中提取判别特征，并通过对比学习对跨模态表示进行对齐，而应用gnexplexpler用于量化图结构和地质特征对地质单元识别的影响。提出的CMGAT优于其他单峰模型，在中国福建省西南部的岩性和断层填图中分别达到91%和82.9%的总体精度。此外，gnexplainer分析确定了地质单元圈定的关键图形结构和地质指标，增强了预测结果的可信度。该框架可进一步扩展到各种工程地质填图任务。

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引用次数: 0

Two-phase SPH-DEM modeling of the superelevation phenomenon of debris and mud flows 泥石流超高程现象的两相SPH-DEM模拟

IF 8.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Engineering Geology

Pub Date : 2025-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108482

Philipp Frieß , Hervé Vicari , Brian McArdell , Amanda Åberg , Johan Gaume

When debris and mud flows pass through curved channels, centrifugal forces lead to a height difference – known as superelevation – between the inner and outer banks. Analytical models describe this phenomenon by relating the superelevation angle to flow speed. However, these models assume simplified flow dynamics, a linear flow free surface, and do not explicitly account for solid–fluid interactions, requiring an empirical correction factor. In this study, we perform fully depth-resolved SPH-DEM numerical experiments to investigate the influence of water content on superelevation in curved channels. DEM represents the coarse solid particles, while SPH models the fluid phase, including both fines and water. The model is first validated against laboratory-scale experiments of debris flow superelevation. A parametric study is then conducted by varying the water content in debris and mud flows. The results show that increased water content leads to higher flow velocity and thus greater superelevation. The transverse flow surface depends strongly on material composition: mud flows typically exhibit convex-downward profiles, whereas granular flows display concave-downward profiles. By balancing centrifugal forces with basal normal stresses, we establish a correlation between the empirical correction factor, water content, and flow-surface curvature. However, the numerical experiments also reveal significant spatial variability in the correction factor along the bend, indicating additional mechanisms – specifically, a run-up impact that promotes superelevation, and subsequent alternating transverse motions – that limit the applicability of this analytical approach. Finally, SPH-DEM simulations of a real debris flow event at Illgraben successfully reproduce the observed field data, demonstrating the ability of the model for large-scale applications.

当碎片和泥浆流过弯曲的河道时，离心力会导致内外河岸之间的高度差，即所谓的超海拔。解析模型通过将超仰角与流速联系起来来描述这种现象。然而，这些模型假设了简化的流动动力学，线性流动自由表面，并且没有明确考虑固-流相互作用，需要经验校正因子。在这项研究中，我们进行了全深度分辨SPH-DEM数值实验，研究了水含量对弯曲河道超高程的影响。DEM代表粗固体颗粒，而SPH模拟流体相，包括细颗粒和水。该模型首先通过室内泥石流超高程试验进行了验证。然后通过改变碎屑和泥石流中的含水量进行参数化研究。结果表明：随着含水率的增加，水流速度增大，溢流标高增大。横向流动表面在很大程度上取决于物质组成：泥浆流通常表现为向下凸起的轮廓，而颗粒流则表现为向下凹的轮廓。通过平衡离心力和基础法向应力，我们建立了经验校正系数、含水量和流面曲率之间的相关性。然而，数值实验也揭示了沿弯道修正系数的显著空间变异性，表明了其他机制——特别是，助跑影响促进超高度，以及随后的交替横向运动——限制了该分析方法的适用性。最后，SPH-DEM模拟了Illgraben的一次真实泥石流事件，成功再现了现场观测数据，证明了该模型在大规模应用中的能力。

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引用次数: 0

Contribution of time-evolving landslide sources to the anomalous tsunami observed in the 2024 Noto earthquake 随时间变化的滑坡源对2024年诺托地震异常海啸的贡献

IF 8.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Engineering Geology

Pub Date : 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108504

Ming-Jen Lo , Tso-Ren Wu , Kenji Satake

On January 1, 2024, a powerful earthquake (M 7.6) struck the Noto Peninsula, Japan, triggering a tsunami in the Sea of Japan. In Toyama Bay, the tsunami arrived earlier than expected. This study investigates the 2024 Noto tsunami event by separately modeling three potential tsunami generation mechanisms: vertical displacement from fault motion, horizontal displacement, and submarine landslides. To enhance the accuracy of submarine landslide-induced tsunami modeling, a computational fluid dynamics model, SPLASH3D, is utilized to simulate the landslide dynamics and determine its duration. Subsequently, a temporally variable seabed motion is used as the initial condition for a tsunami simulation code, COMCOT, to generate a dynamic tsunami source. The simulation results indicate that the sliding process has a significant influence on the observed tsunami in Toyama Bay, producing waveforms that better match observations than those derived from the equivalent instantaneous initial free surface displacement method. The combined simulation of dynamic submarine landslides, vertical displacements from fault motion, and horizontal displacements of the Noto Peninsula closely matches the observed data, enabling a detailed analysis of each source's contribution to the anomalous tsunami. Simulation results indicate that the submarine landslide was responsible for the early arrival of the tsunami. The contributions of the vertical fault displacement and submarine landslide each account for approximately 45 % of the maximum wave height, elucidating the unexpectedly high tsunami wave height. Therefore, the risks posed by landslide-generated tsunamis constitute a critical issue that must be addressed in tsunami early warning and coastal engineering risk assessment.

2024年1月1日，日本诺东半岛发生7.6级强震，引发日本海海啸。富山湾的海啸比预期来得更早。本文分别模拟了断层运动引起的垂直位移、水平位移和海底滑坡三种潜在的海啸发生机制，对2024年诺托海啸事件进行了研究。为了提高海底滑坡海啸模拟的准确性，利用计算流体动力学模型SPLASH3D模拟滑坡动力学并确定其持续时间。随后，将海底运动的时变作为海啸模拟程序COMCOT的初始条件，生成动态海啸源。模拟结果表明，滑动过程对富山湾海啸观测有显著影响，产生的波形比等效瞬时初始自由表面位移法得到的波形更符合观测值。动态海底滑坡、断层运动的垂直位移和诺托半岛的水平位移的综合模拟与观测数据非常吻合，从而可以详细分析每种源对异常海啸的贡献。模拟结果表明，海底滑坡是导致海啸提前到达的主要原因。垂直断层位移和海底滑坡各占最大波高的45%左右，说明海啸波高异常高。因此，滑坡引发的海啸所带来的风险是海啸预警和海岸工程风险评估中必须解决的关键问题。

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引用次数: 0

Analysis of rockfall-induced retreat and influencing factors in a sandstone-marl interbedded rock wall in a low-elevation environment 低海拔环境下砂岩-泥灰岩互层岩壁崩退及影响因素分析

IF 8.4 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Engineering Geology

Pub Date : 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2025.108506

Li Fei, Michel Jaboyedoff, Tiggi Choanji, Marc-Henri Derron

Over the past two decades, accelerated rock wall retreat has become a growing concern due to its link to global warming. While most research has focused on high-altitude cryosphere and deglacial regions, rock wall retreat in low-elevation areas remains understudied, despite posing higher risks to infrastructure and public safety. To address this gap, we investigated a molasse rock wall at La Cornalle located in the subalpine region (Vaud, Switzerland), composed of interbedded marl and sandstone layers. Using monthly Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), we established a detailed four-year rockfall inventory and examined it with meteorological factors, including precipitation (including the snow melting), air temperature, and evapotranspiration (ET), collected from two nearby weather stations. A total of 4051 rockfall events, with a cumulative volume of 285 m³, were recorded. The annual retreat rates for sandstones and marls were 35.6 mm/yr and 26.0 mm/yr, respectively, with newly exposed rock faces showing a higher retreat rate (43.8 mm/yr) for marls. Spatially, rockfalls were concentrated in steep, thinly bedded, and highly fractured zones, as well as around large sandstone overhangs. Temporally, rockfall frequency peaked during winter and wet spring-summer periods, with duration of rainfall emerging as the primary driver, as prolonged rain facilitates deep water infiltration and weakens the water-sensitive marl layers. Following an extreme heatwave in August 2022, a notable spike in small rockfall events was observed at the early autumn (from Mid-September to Mid-October), indicating that local climatic shifts, such as extreme heatwave (coupled drying and heating) followed by effective water input (wetting), can significantly destabilize rock walls. This study highlights the importance of understanding temporal variations in rockfall activity and rock wall retreat by incorporating geological and climatic factors to improve rockfall hazard assessments in low-elevation regions.

在过去的二十年里，由于与全球变暖有关，岩壁的加速退缩已经成为人们越来越关注的问题。虽然大多数研究都集中在高海拔冰冻圈和冰川消融地区，但低海拔地区的岩壁退缩仍未得到充分研究，尽管这对基础设施和公共安全构成了更高的风险。为了解决这一问题，我们研究了位于亚高山地区（瑞士沃州）的La Cornalle的molasse岩壁，该岩壁由互层泥灰岩和砂岩层组成。利用每月一次的运动结构（SfM）摄影测量和地面激光扫描（TLS），我们建立了一个详细的四年岩崩清单，并结合从附近两个气象站收集的气象因素，包括降水（包括融雪）、气温和蒸散（ET），对其进行了检查。总共记录了4051次岩崩事件，累积体积为285立方米。砂岩和泥灰岩的年退缩率分别为35.6 mm/yr和26.0 mm/yr，其中泥灰岩的新出露面退缩率更高，为43.8 mm/yr。在空间上，落石集中在陡峭、薄层和高度断裂的区域，以及大型砂岩悬垂周围。从时间上看，落石频率在冬季和潮湿的春夏期达到峰值，降雨持续时间成为主要驱动因素，因为长时间降雨有利于深水入渗，削弱了水敏泥灰岩层。在2022年8月的极端热浪之后，在初秋（9月中旬至10月中旬）观察到一个明显的小落石事件高峰，这表明当地的气候变化，如极端热浪（干燥和加热耦合）之后的有效水分输入（湿润），可以显著破坏岩壁。该研究强调了通过结合地质和气候因素来了解岩崩活动和岩壁退缩的时间变化对提高低海拔地区岩崩危害评估的重要性。

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