{"title":"Deep, posterior muscles of the neck. A proposal for injection procedures.","authors":"Alexandre Kreisler, Matthias Herteleer","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108271","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The emergence of the col-cap concept in the 2010s led to a focus on previously neglected muscles, hoping to improve the benefit of botulinum toxin injections in patients with movements disorders of the head and neck. The deep posterior cervical muscles are part of this. They include sub-occipital muscles, the semi-spinalis cervicis muscle and even deeper muscles such as the multifidus. Injecting them requires the use of ultrasound. This article will take up the anatomical notions necessary to perform these injections in an accurate and safe manner. We will also describe how to find these muscles using ultrasound.</p>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":" ","pages":"108271"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6000,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Toxicon","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108271","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The emergence of the col-cap concept in the 2010s led to a focus on previously neglected muscles, hoping to improve the benefit of botulinum toxin injections in patients with movements disorders of the head and neck. The deep posterior cervical muscles are part of this. They include sub-occipital muscles, the semi-spinalis cervicis muscle and even deeper muscles such as the multifidus. Injecting them requires the use of ultrasound. This article will take up the anatomical notions necessary to perform these injections in an accurate and safe manner. We will also describe how to find these muscles using ultrasound.
期刊介绍：
Toxicon has an open access mirror Toxicon: X, sharing the same aims and scope, editorial team, submission system and rigorous peer review. An introductory offer Toxicon: X - full waiver of the Open Access fee.
Toxicon''s "aims and scope" are to publish:
-articles containing the results of original research on problems related to toxins derived from animals, plants and microorganisms
-papers on novel findings related to the chemical, pharmacological, toxicological, and immunological properties of natural toxins
-molecular biological studies of toxins and other genes from poisonous and venomous organisms that advance understanding of the role or function of toxins
-clinical observations on poisoning and envenoming where a new therapeutic principle has been proposed or a decidedly superior clinical result has been obtained.
-material on the use of toxins as tools in studying biological processes and material on subjects related to venom and antivenom problems.
-articles on the translational application of toxins, for example as drugs and insecticides
-epidemiological studies on envenoming or poisoning, so long as they highlight a previously unrecognised medical problem or provide insight into the prevention or medical treatment of envenoming or poisoning. Retrospective surveys of hospital records, especially those lacking species identification, will not be considered for publication. Properly designed prospective community-based surveys are strongly encouraged.
-articles describing well-known activities of venoms, such as antibacterial, anticancer, and analgesic activities of arachnid venoms, without any attempt to define the mechanism of action or purify the active component, will not be considered for publication in Toxicon.
-review articles on problems related to toxinology.
To encourage the exchange of ideas, sections of the journal may be devoted to Short Communications, Letters to the Editor and activities of the affiliated societies.
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