Aflatoxins are major food contaminants, which cause hepatotoxicity, eventually leading to Hepatocellular carcinoma. Activated AFB1 forms adducts with DNA, which in turn activates checkpoint control. We show that AFB1 activates PI3K-Akt signaling, which is critical for cell survival. Simultaneous activation of both DNA checkpoint and proliferative signaling leads to Oncogene-Induced Senescence, a major tumorigenesis barrier. AFB1 downregulates ARID3A and ARID3B proteins to overcome this senescence program to induce hepatic tumors.
{"title":"Aflatoxin B1 downregulates ARID3 genes to overcome Senescence for inducing Hepatocellular carcinoma.","authors":"Dilkash Ara, Srinivas Dheeravath, Sathish Kumar Mungamuri","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aflatoxins are major food contaminants, which cause hepatotoxicity, eventually leading to Hepatocellular carcinoma. Activated AFB1 forms adducts with DNA, which in turn activates checkpoint control. We show that AFB1 activates PI3K-Akt signaling, which is critical for cell survival. Simultaneous activation of both DNA checkpoint and proliferative signaling leads to Oncogene-Induced Senescence, a major tumorigenesis barrier. AFB1 downregulates ARID3A and ARID3B proteins to overcome this senescence program to induce hepatic tumors.</p>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142376094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, the clinical adverse drug reactions (ADR) reports of Senna obtusifolia have been constantly emerging, especially hepatotoxicity. However, it is unclear whether the liver is the only or main toxic target organ. In this study, we conducted a repeated administration experiment with the Senna obtusifolia Aqueous Extract (SE) and PCA analysis was used to determine the primary toxic target organs. The results revealed that the liver was the main toxic target organ and we also verifid the hepatotoxicity in vitro. The mechanism of hepatotoxicity was predicted by network toxicology technology, which was verified by ELISA, qPCR, western blotting and other methods.The results showed that SE could increase the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, the mRNA expression levels of ACT1, TRAF6, NF-κB P65 and the protein expression levels of TRAF6, NF-κB P65, P-P65 in rat livers and HepG2 cells, which indicated that SE induced hepatotoxicity might be related to inflammatory response.
{"title":"Study on Translational Toxicology of Senna obtusifolia Aqueous Extract.","authors":"Xin Guo, Liping Gong, Chong Guo, Taotao Cai, Nana Huang, Xianhui Shen, Lisong Sheng, Rongrong Li, Yanqing Wang, Xinmei Zhao, Wenhe Guo, Rong Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, the clinical adverse drug reactions (ADR) reports of Senna obtusifolia have been constantly emerging, especially hepatotoxicity. However, it is unclear whether the liver is the only or main toxic target organ. In this study, we conducted a repeated administration experiment with the Senna obtusifolia Aqueous Extract (SE) and PCA analysis was used to determine the primary toxic target organs. The results revealed that the liver was the main toxic target organ and we also verifid the hepatotoxicity in vitro. The mechanism of hepatotoxicity was predicted by network toxicology technology, which was verified by ELISA, qPCR, western blotting and other methods.The results showed that SE could increase the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, the mRNA expression levels of ACT1, TRAF6, NF-κB P65 and the protein expression levels of TRAF6, NF-κB P65, P-P65 in rat livers and HepG2 cells, which indicated that SE induced hepatotoxicity might be related to inflammatory response.</p>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142366640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-28DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108107
Franciely Fernanda Barbosa da Silva, Thais de Andrade Moura, Tuany Siqueira-Silva, José María Gutiérrez, Pablo Ariel Martinez
Snakebite envenoming poses a significant public health challenge on a global basis, affecting millions of people annually and leading to complications that may result in fatalities. Brazil stands as one of the countries most impacted by snakebite envenoming, with snakes of the Bothrops genus being responsible for most bites. The current study aimed to identify the determinants of Bothrops snakebite incidence across different regions of Brazil. An ecological study was conducted using municipality-aggregated data, with snakebite incidence as the dependent variable. The study period comprised the years 2015-2021. We constructed Species Distribution Models (SDMs) for Bothrops species, and information was collected on precipitation, runoff, maximum and minimum temperatures, native forest, historical forest loss, agriculture, and pasture in each Brazilian municipality. These data were employed to assess the association between snakebite incidence and biotic, climatic, and landscape factors. The data were analyzed using Generalized Least Squares (GLS) regression. The SDMs demonstrated good performance. The average annual snakebite incidence during the study period ranged from zero to 428.89 per 100,000 inhabitants, depending on the municipality. Higher incidence rates were concentrated primarily in municipalities in the northern region of the country. In this study, we found that nationwide, areas with extensive native forests and those that have historically experienced significant loss of forest cover exhibited higher snakebite incidence rates. Additionally, areas with higher temperatures and precipitation levels, as well as greater climatic suitability for the species B. jararaca, showed significantly higher snakebite incidence rates in the South and Southeast of Brazil, respectively. These associations may be linked to increased snake abundance and active behavior, as well as to engagement in activities favoring human-snake contact in these areas. The findings of this study can contribute to the improvement of prevention and control strategies for this public health issue in Brazil.
{"title":"Predicting the drivers of Bothrops snakebite incidence across Brazil: A Spatial Analysis.","authors":"Franciely Fernanda Barbosa da Silva, Thais de Andrade Moura, Tuany Siqueira-Silva, José María Gutiérrez, Pablo Ariel Martinez","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Snakebite envenoming poses a significant public health challenge on a global basis, affecting millions of people annually and leading to complications that may result in fatalities. Brazil stands as one of the countries most impacted by snakebite envenoming, with snakes of the Bothrops genus being responsible for most bites. The current study aimed to identify the determinants of Bothrops snakebite incidence across different regions of Brazil. An ecological study was conducted using municipality-aggregated data, with snakebite incidence as the dependent variable. The study period comprised the years 2015-2021. We constructed Species Distribution Models (SDMs) for Bothrops species, and information was collected on precipitation, runoff, maximum and minimum temperatures, native forest, historical forest loss, agriculture, and pasture in each Brazilian municipality. These data were employed to assess the association between snakebite incidence and biotic, climatic, and landscape factors. The data were analyzed using Generalized Least Squares (GLS) regression. The SDMs demonstrated good performance. The average annual snakebite incidence during the study period ranged from zero to 428.89 per 100,000 inhabitants, depending on the municipality. Higher incidence rates were concentrated primarily in municipalities in the northern region of the country. In this study, we found that nationwide, areas with extensive native forests and those that have historically experienced significant loss of forest cover exhibited higher snakebite incidence rates. Additionally, areas with higher temperatures and precipitation levels, as well as greater climatic suitability for the species B. jararaca, showed significantly higher snakebite incidence rates in the South and Southeast of Brazil, respectively. These associations may be linked to increased snake abundance and active behavior, as well as to engagement in activities favoring human-snake contact in these areas. The findings of this study can contribute to the improvement of prevention and control strategies for this public health issue in Brazil.</p>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142354554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Acute kidney injury (AKI) following multiple wasp stings is a severe complication with potentially poor outcomes. Despite extensive research on AKI's risk factors, predictive models for wasp sting-related AKI are limited. This study aims to develop and validate a machine learning-based clinical prediction model for AKI in individuals with wasp stings. In this retrospective cohort study, conducted at a tertiary teaching hospital in Yichang, China, from July 2013 to April 2023, 214 patients with wasp sting injuries were analyzed. Using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression and multivariate logistic regression, prognostic variables for AKI were identified. A nomogram incorporating these four variables was constructed. The model's performance was assessed through internal validation, leave-one-out cross-validation, net reclassification improvement (NRI), integrated discrimination improvement (IDI), and decision curve analysis (DCA). Among 214 patients affected by wasp stings, 34.6% (74/214) developed AKI. Following LASSO regression and multivariate logistic regression, the number of stings, presence of gross hematuria, systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI), and platelet count were identified as prognostic factors. A nomogram was constructed and evaluated for its predictive accuracy, showing an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.757 (95% CI 0.711 to 0.804) and a concordance index (C-index) of 0.75. Validation confirmed the model's reliability and superior discrimination ability over existing models, as demonstrated by NRI, IDI, and DCA. The developed nomogram effectively predicts AKI risk in wasp sting patients, facilitating early identification and management of those at risk.
多次被黄蜂蜇伤后出现急性肾损伤(AKI)是一种严重的并发症,可能会导致不良后果。尽管对 AKI 的风险因素进行了广泛研究,但针对黄蜂蜇伤相关 AKI 的预测模型却很有限。本研究旨在开发并验证一种基于机器学习的临床预测模型,用于预测马蜂蜇伤患者的 AKI。这项回顾性队列研究于 2013 年 7 月至 2023 年 4 月在中国宜昌的一家三级教学医院进行,共分析了 214 名被马蜂蜇伤的患者。通过最小绝对收缩和选择算子(LASSO)回归和多变量逻辑回归,确定了AKI的预后变量。结合这四个变量构建了一个提名图。该模型的性能通过内部验证、留空交叉验证、净再分类改进(NRI)、综合判别改进(IDI)和决策曲线分析(DCA)进行了评估。在 214 名受黄蜂蜇伤的患者中,34.6%(74/214)发生了 AKI。经过 LASSO 回归和多变量逻辑回归,蜇伤次数、有无毛细血尿、全身炎症反应指数 (SIRI) 和血小板计数被确定为预后因素。该模型的曲线下面积 (AUC) 为 0.757(95% CI 0.711 至 0.804),一致性指数 (C-index) 为 0.75。NRI、IDI 和 DCA 的验证证实了该模型的可靠性和优于现有模型的辨别能力。所开发的提名图能有效预测马蜂蜇伤患者的 AKI 风险,有助于早期识别和管理高危人群。
{"title":"Machine-learning based prediction model for acute kidney injury induced by multiple wasp stings.","authors":"Wen Wu, Yupei Zhang, Yilan Zhang, Xingguang Qu, Zhaohui Zhang, Rong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108112","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acute kidney injury (AKI) following multiple wasp stings is a severe complication with potentially poor outcomes. Despite extensive research on AKI's risk factors, predictive models for wasp sting-related AKI are limited. This study aims to develop and validate a machine learning-based clinical prediction model for AKI in individuals with wasp stings. In this retrospective cohort study, conducted at a tertiary teaching hospital in Yichang, China, from July 2013 to April 2023, 214 patients with wasp sting injuries were analyzed. Using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression and multivariate logistic regression, prognostic variables for AKI were identified. A nomogram incorporating these four variables was constructed. The model's performance was assessed through internal validation, leave-one-out cross-validation, net reclassification improvement (NRI), integrated discrimination improvement (IDI), and decision curve analysis (DCA). Among 214 patients affected by wasp stings, 34.6% (74/214) developed AKI. Following LASSO regression and multivariate logistic regression, the number of stings, presence of gross hematuria, systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI), and platelet count were identified as prognostic factors. A nomogram was constructed and evaluated for its predictive accuracy, showing an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.757 (95% CI 0.711 to 0.804) and a concordance index (C-index) of 0.75. Validation confirmed the model's reliability and superior discrimination ability over existing models, as demonstrated by NRI, IDI, and DCA. The developed nomogram effectively predicts AKI risk in wasp sting patients, facilitating early identification and management of those at risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142354553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-27DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108108
Hannah St Francis, Raizada A Vaid, Roger Rothenberg, Robert S Hoffman, Sarah G Mahonski, Vincent J Calleo, Rana Biary, Capwell E Taylor, Joshua Z Silverberg
We report a case of Western Gaboon viper (Bitis rhinoceros) envenomation in which the patient's symptoms progressed despite treatment with North American crotalid antivenom but improved after receiving South African Institute for Medical Research (SAIMR) polyvalent antivenom. A 59-year-old man was hospitalized after reportedly being bitten by a Gaboon viper (Bitis gabonica). On arrival, he had normal vital signs, two puncture wounds on his left hand, and edema distal to the wrist. The hospital contacted the local poison center who conveyed that crotalid antivenom would be ineffective and recommended transfer to a snakebite center for species-appropriate antivenom. However, this recommendation was disregarded. Initial laboratory tests 2 hours after envenomation revealed a platelet count of 77 x 109/L; other parameters were normal. He received six vials of crotalid antivenom (CroFab®) followed by three maintenance doses (total 12 vials). The next morning, swelling had progressed proximal to the elbow and platelets decreased to 37 x 109/L. He was subsequently transferred and received SAIMR polyvalent antivenom. Six hours later, his platelets were 130 x 109/L. The next morning, his swelling had significantly improved. He was discharged the following day. After discharge, it was discovered that the snake was a Bitis rhinoceros. Bitis gabonica and Bitis rhinoceros are popular captive snakes in the United States. Bitis rhinoceros was formerly a sub-species of B. gabonica, and they are often referred to interchangeably. Their venoms cause tissue edema, coagulopathy, and in severe cases, hemorrhage, dysrhythmias, and death. Antivenom is not widely available in the United States often necessitating patient transfer or antivenom delivery. This case addresses the question of whether crotalid antivenom, which is ubiquitous in the United States, can treat B. gabonica and B. rhinoceros envenomations and highlights the need for consultation with a poison center to facilitate administration of species-appropriate antivenom.
我们报告了一例西部加蓬蝰蛇(Bitis rhinoceros)中毒病例,尽管患者接受了北美蛇毒抗蛇毒血清治疗,但症状仍在恶化,而在接受南非医学研究所(SAIMR)多价抗蛇毒血清治疗后,症状有所好转。据报道,一名 59 岁的男子被加蓬蝰蛇(Bitis gabonica)咬伤后被送往医院。到达医院时,他的生命体征正常,左手有两处刺伤,手腕远端水肿。医院联系了当地的毒物中心,毒物中心表示蝮蛇抗蛇毒血清无效,建议转到蛇咬伤中心注射适合该物种的抗蛇毒血清。但是,医院没有理会这一建议。被毒蛇咬伤两小时后,初步化验结果显示血小板计数为 77 x 109/L,其他指标正常。他接受了六瓶巴豆抗蛇毒血清(CroFab®),随后又接受了三次维持剂量(共 12 瓶)。第二天早上,肿胀向肘部近端发展,血小板降至 37 x 109/L。随后,他被转院并接受了 SAIMR 多价抗蛇毒血清治疗。六小时后,他的血小板为 130 x 109/L。第二天早上,他的肿胀明显好转。第二天他就出院了。出院后,人们发现这条蛇是一条犀牛蛇(Bitis rhinoceros)。Bitis gabonica 和 Bitis rhinoceros 是美国流行的人工饲养蛇类。Bitis rhinoceros 以前是 B. gabonica 的一个亚种,它们经常被互换使用。它们的毒液会导致组织水肿、凝血障碍,严重时还会导致出血、心律失常和死亡。抗蛇毒血清在美国并不普及,往往需要转送病人或提供抗蛇毒血清。本病例涉及的问题是,在美国随处可见的黄龙鱼抗蛇毒血清是否能够治疗加蓬犀牛和犀牛的蛇毒中毒,并强调了向毒物中心咨询的必要性,以方便使用适合物种的抗蛇毒血清。
{"title":"A case of Western Gaboon viper (Bitis rhinoceros) envenomation: Successful treatment with South African Institute for Medical Research (SAIMR) antivenom after North American crotalid antivenom failure.","authors":"Hannah St Francis, Raizada A Vaid, Roger Rothenberg, Robert S Hoffman, Sarah G Mahonski, Vincent J Calleo, Rana Biary, Capwell E Taylor, Joshua Z Silverberg","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108108","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We report a case of Western Gaboon viper (Bitis rhinoceros) envenomation in which the patient's symptoms progressed despite treatment with North American crotalid antivenom but improved after receiving South African Institute for Medical Research (SAIMR) polyvalent antivenom. A 59-year-old man was hospitalized after reportedly being bitten by a Gaboon viper (Bitis gabonica). On arrival, he had normal vital signs, two puncture wounds on his left hand, and edema distal to the wrist. The hospital contacted the local poison center who conveyed that crotalid antivenom would be ineffective and recommended transfer to a snakebite center for species-appropriate antivenom. However, this recommendation was disregarded. Initial laboratory tests 2 hours after envenomation revealed a platelet count of 77 x 10<sup>9</sup>/L; other parameters were normal. He received six vials of crotalid antivenom (CroFab®) followed by three maintenance doses (total 12 vials). The next morning, swelling had progressed proximal to the elbow and platelets decreased to 37 x 10<sup>9</sup>/L. He was subsequently transferred and received SAIMR polyvalent antivenom. Six hours later, his platelets were 130 x 10<sup>9</sup>/L. The next morning, his swelling had significantly improved. He was discharged the following day. After discharge, it was discovered that the snake was a Bitis rhinoceros. Bitis gabonica and Bitis rhinoceros are popular captive snakes in the United States. Bitis rhinoceros was formerly a sub-species of B. gabonica, and they are often referred to interchangeably. Their venoms cause tissue edema, coagulopathy, and in severe cases, hemorrhage, dysrhythmias, and death. Antivenom is not widely available in the United States often necessitating patient transfer or antivenom delivery. This case addresses the question of whether crotalid antivenom, which is ubiquitous in the United States, can treat B. gabonica and B. rhinoceros envenomations and highlights the need for consultation with a poison center to facilitate administration of species-appropriate antivenom.</p>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142354551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-27DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108110
Ebru Tanrıverdi O, Dinçer Ayaz, Yiğit Terzi
Protein profiles of skin secretions of Rana dalmatina (Agile Frog), Rana macrocnemis (Uludağ Frog), Rana tavasensis (Tavas Frog) and Rana holtzi (Taurus Frog) frog species belonging to the Rana genus distributed in the Anatolian region of Türkiye were determined for the first time using the Tricine-SDS-PAGE Electrophoresis method and Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) staining. By the results, some peptides with mass ≤5 kDa were detected. Just one peptide with mass ≤5 kDa was found in the secretion of each R. dalmatina, R. macrocnemis, and R. tavasensis while there was two in R. holtzi secretion. The antibacterial activity of secretions was determined using plate well diffusion assay on E. coli, S. typhimurium, S. aureus, B. cereus and L. monocytogenes bacteria. R. dalmatina created the inhibition zone for S. typhimurium, S. aureus, B. cereus, and L. monocytogenes. The zones of inhibition by R. tavasensis and R. macrocnemis species secretions were observed on S. aureus, B. cereus, and L. monocytogenes. It was found that R. holtzi creates an inhibition zone only on B. cereus. The results showed that the secretion of none of the species doesn't have antibacterial activity on E. coli. The skin secretion of R. dalmatina showed the most activity against bacteria, while R. holtzi had the least.
{"title":"Comparative analysis of protein profiles in skin secretions of some Rana species: Preliminary insights into antimicrobial activity.","authors":"Ebru Tanrıverdi O, Dinçer Ayaz, Yiğit Terzi","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108110","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Protein profiles of skin secretions of Rana dalmatina (Agile Frog), Rana macrocnemis (Uludağ Frog), Rana tavasensis (Tavas Frog) and Rana holtzi (Taurus Frog) frog species belonging to the Rana genus distributed in the Anatolian region of Türkiye were determined for the first time using the Tricine-SDS-PAGE Electrophoresis method and Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) staining. By the results, some peptides with mass ≤5 kDa were detected. Just one peptide with mass ≤5 kDa was found in the secretion of each R. dalmatina, R. macrocnemis, and R. tavasensis while there was two in R. holtzi secretion. The antibacterial activity of secretions was determined using plate well diffusion assay on E. coli, S. typhimurium, S. aureus, B. cereus and L. monocytogenes bacteria. R. dalmatina created the inhibition zone for S. typhimurium, S. aureus, B. cereus, and L. monocytogenes. The zones of inhibition by R. tavasensis and R. macrocnemis species secretions were observed on S. aureus, B. cereus, and L. monocytogenes. It was found that R. holtzi creates an inhibition zone only on B. cereus. The results showed that the secretion of none of the species doesn't have antibacterial activity on E. coli. The skin secretion of R. dalmatina showed the most activity against bacteria, while R. holtzi had the least.</p>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142354552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108111
Venom-induced hemorrhage analysis usually is performed by Minimum Hemorrhagic Dose (MHD), however a similar method can be used to compare venoms with fewer laboratory animals. Our work compared the MHD of five different venoms, with the size of hemorrhagic spot, finding good correlations in the results. Considering the 3Rs principle, we propose the use of the hemorrhagic spot method to compare hemorrhagic activity of snake venoms, rather than using the MHD method, since the first one needs 5 times less animals than the other.
{"title":"An alternative method for comparing hemorrhagic activity of snake venoms following one of the 3R's principles","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Venom-induced hemorrhage analysis usually is performed by Minimum Hemorrhagic Dose (MHD), however a similar method can be used to compare venoms with fewer laboratory animals. Our work compared the MHD of five different venoms, with the size of hemorrhagic spot, finding good correlations in the results. Considering the 3Rs principle, we propose the use of the hemorrhagic spot method to compare hemorrhagic activity of snake venoms, rather than using the MHD method, since the first one needs 5 times less animals than the other.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142328294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-25DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108109
Scorpion sting is a problem all over the world and becomes an acute problem when it is associated with death. Iran is known as a region with a large number of scorpions and, of course, with many cases of scorpion stings per year. So far, 11 scorpion species in Iran have been identified as dangerous, of which there are only three species for which deaths have been reported. Due to the importance of these three species, we prepared a distribution map of these three types of scorpions and discuss the implications of these findings in the larger context of dangerous scorpion stings in Iran.
{"title":"Distribution mapping of deadly scorpions in Iran","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Scorpion sting is a problem all over the world and becomes an acute problem when it is associated with death. Iran is known as a region with a large number of scorpions and, of course, with many cases of scorpion stings per year. So far, 11 scorpion species in Iran have been identified as dangerous, of which there are only three species for which deaths have been reported. Due to the importance of these three species, we prepared a distribution map of these three types of scorpions and discuss the implications of these findings in the larger context of dangerous scorpion stings in Iran.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142354555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by different fungal species under specific environmental conditions. The common and regulated mycotoxins are such as deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), ochratoxin (OTA), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and fumonisins (FB). These mycotoxins are highly regulated in feed and food because their effects start to exert from their lowest exposures and are abundant in our common environment. However, there are other emerging mycotoxins such as apicidin, beauvericin, aurofusarin, and enniatins which are also harmful. Thus, making a total of around 500 forms of mycotoxins. The existence of mycotoxins in feed and food has a significant impact on animal and human health, which ultimately, slows down economic growth globally. According to this review, different approaches to removing multi-mycotoxin separately or simultaneously have been stated. Mostly, the review focused on the simultaneous removal of different multiple mycotoxins. This is because the current studies show a growing trend in reporting the co-existence of multiple mycotoxins in feed and food materials, however, most detoxifying approaches are for singular mycotoxins. Therefore, the physical, chemical, and biological approaches to remove multi-mycotoxin have been elucidated as well as their advantages and limitations. Furthermore, the authors give suggestions on the way forward to reduce exposure to mycotoxins and diminish their health effects in society. Lastly, the authors emphasized introducing more stringent limits for co-existing mycotoxins, especially those that have the same health effects by acting synergistically, such as AFB1 and OTA, which both act as carcinogenic agents.
{"title":"Research diversity and advances in simultaneous removal of multi-mycotoxin.","authors":"Fred Mwabulili, Peng Li, Jinghao Shi, Hongxin Zhang, Yanli Xie, Weibin Ma, Shumin Sun, Yuhui Yang, Qian Li, Xiao Li, Hang Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by different fungal species under specific environmental conditions. The common and regulated mycotoxins are such as deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), ochratoxin (OTA), aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> (AFB<sub>1</sub>), and fumonisins (FB). These mycotoxins are highly regulated in feed and food because their effects start to exert from their lowest exposures and are abundant in our common environment. However, there are other emerging mycotoxins such as apicidin, beauvericin, aurofusarin, and enniatins which are also harmful. Thus, making a total of around 500 forms of mycotoxins. The existence of mycotoxins in feed and food has a significant impact on animal and human health, which ultimately, slows down economic growth globally. According to this review, different approaches to removing multi-mycotoxin separately or simultaneously have been stated. Mostly, the review focused on the simultaneous removal of different multiple mycotoxins. This is because the current studies show a growing trend in reporting the co-existence of multiple mycotoxins in feed and food materials, however, most detoxifying approaches are for singular mycotoxins. Therefore, the physical, chemical, and biological approaches to remove multi-mycotoxin have been elucidated as well as their advantages and limitations. Furthermore, the authors give suggestions on the way forward to reduce exposure to mycotoxins and diminish their health effects in society. Lastly, the authors emphasized introducing more stringent limits for co-existing mycotoxins, especially those that have the same health effects by acting synergistically, such as AFB<sub>1</sub> and OTA, which both act as carcinogenic agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142296376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108104
Venomous bites are medical emergencies that may result in life-threatening clinical effects. Cardiovascular complications are uncommon but they can be dangerous if not early detected and treated. Cerebral and myocardial infarction are described; myocarditis as consequence of viper envenomation in humans are very rare, almost anedoctal. We present the case of a 33-year-old man, working as keeper in a reptile zoo, who arrived after a viper bite of the Vipera aspis species, on the left wrist. The patient presented with clouded sensorium, edema of the lips and tongue, rapidly worsened with angioedema, and the need for oro-tracheal intubation; severe thrombocytopenia and anemia were treated with transfusions of platelet, plasma and red blood cells. The left hand and arm worsened, with compartment syndrome, treated with surgical fasciotomy. From a cardiological point of view, the patient presented a sudden drop in blood pressure, electrocardiographic anterior and infero-lateral ST depression, pericardial effusion and hypokinesia of the interventricular septum on echocardiography, and a significant increase in troponin T. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the myocarditis, with the presence of septal and anterior intramyocardial edema in T2 weighted sequences, with prolonged T2 time at T2 mapping analysis, without late gadolinium enhancement areas. Cardiological and general clinical conditions gradually improved only after the antivenom was administred. This is one of the rare cases of viper bite myocarditis with echocardiographic and magnetic resonance imaging documentation in Europe; it emphasizes the importance of identifying uncommon complications of venomous snake-bites and the prompt administration of antivenom, even though snake bites are less frequent at our latitudes.
毒液叮咬是一种医疗急症,可能导致危及生命的临床后果。心血管并发症并不常见,但如果不及早发现和治疗,也会很危险。脑梗塞和心肌梗塞已有描述;人类被毒蛇咬伤后引发心肌炎的情况非常罕见,几乎无临床表现。我们介绍了一例 33 岁男子的病例,他在一家爬行动物动物园担任饲养员,左手腕被蝰蛇咬伤。患者出现意识模糊、嘴唇和舌头水肿,并迅速恶化为血管性水肿,需要口气管插管;严重的血小板减少和贫血通过输注血小板、血浆和红细胞得到了治疗。左手和左臂病情恶化,出现室间隔综合征,通过外科筋膜切开术进行了治疗。从心脏病学角度来看,患者出现血压骤降、心电图前部和下外侧 ST 压低、心包积液、超声心动图显示室间隔运动减弱以及肌钙蛋白 T 明显升高。心脏磁共振成像证实了心肌炎,T2 加权序列显示室间隔和前心肌内水肿,T2 映射分析显示 T2 时间延长,无晚期钆增强区。只有在注射抗蛇毒血清后,心脏和全身临床状况才逐渐好转。这是欧洲罕见的一例有超声心动图和磁共振成像记录的蝰蛇咬伤性心肌炎病例;它强调了识别毒蛇咬伤的罕见并发症和及时注射抗蛇毒血清的重要性,尽管在我国纬度地区蛇咬伤并不常见。
{"title":"Venom-induced myocarditis: An unusual case attributable to Vipera aspis bite","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Venomous bites are medical emergencies that may result in life-threatening clinical effects. Cardiovascular complications are uncommon but they can be dangerous if not early detected and treated. Cerebral and myocardial infarction are described; myocarditis as consequence of viper envenomation in humans are very rare, almost anedoctal. We present the case of a 33-year-old man, working as keeper in a reptile zoo, who arrived after a viper bite of the <em>Vipera aspis</em> species, on the left wrist. The patient presented with clouded sensorium, edema of the lips and tongue, rapidly worsened with angioedema, and the need for oro-tracheal intubation; severe thrombocytopenia and anemia were treated with transfusions of platelet, plasma and red blood cells. The left hand and arm worsened, with compartment syndrome, treated with surgical fasciotomy<u>.</u> From a cardiological point of view, the patient presented a sudden drop in blood pressure, electrocardiographic anterior and infero-lateral ST depression, pericardial effusion and hypokinesia of the interventricular septum on echocardiography, and a significant increase in troponin T. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the myocarditis, with the presence of septal and anterior intramyocardial edema in T2 weighted sequences, with prolonged T2 time at T2 mapping analysis, without late gadolinium enhancement areas. Cardiological and general clinical conditions gradually improved only after the antivenom was administred. This is one of the rare cases of viper bite myocarditis with echocardiographic and magnetic resonance imaging documentation in Europe; it emphasizes the importance of identifying uncommon complications of venomous snake-bites and the prompt administration of antivenom, even though snake bites are less frequent at our latitudes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":23289,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142272850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}