{"title":"A critical review of the importance of Far-Related Sequence (FRS)- FRS-Related Factor (FRF) transcription factors in plants","authors":"Fereshteh Jafari , Aria Dolatabadian","doi":"10.1016/j.plantsci.2025.112410","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transposable elements have long been recognised as critical drivers of genetic diversity and evolution in plant genomes, influencing various physiological and developmental processes. The transcription factor family FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYLS3 (FHY3), and its homologue FAR-RED IMPAIRED RESPONSE1 (FAR1), initially identified as key components of phytochrome A (phyA)-mediated far-red (FR) light signalling in <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em>, are derived from transposases and are essential for light signal transduction, plant growth, and development. FHY3 and FAR1 are also the founding members of the FAR1-RELATED SEQUENCE (FRS) family, which is conserved across terrestrial plants. While the coding sequences of many putative FRS and FAR1-RELATED FACTOR (FRF) orthologs have been identified in various angiosperm clades, their physiological functions remain largely unexplored. The FRF genes are considered truncated forms of FRS proteins that compete with FRS for DNA binding sites, thereby regulating gene expression.</div><div>This review highlights recent advances in characterising the molecular mechanisms of FHY3, FAR1, and other members of the FRS-FRF protein family. We examine their roles in key processes such as regulating flowering time, controlling branching, integrating leaf aging and senescence, modulating the circadian clock, maintaining meristem function, starch synthesis, seed germination, and responding to Starch synthesis and carbon starvation. Additionally, we explore their contributions to plant immunity under biotic and abiotic stresses. Finally, we suggest future directions for functional characterising other FRS-FRF family proteins in plants, which could provide deeper insights into their regulatory roles in plant biology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20273,"journal":{"name":"Plant Science","volume":"353 ","pages":"Article 112410"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6000,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Plant Science","FirstCategoryId":"99","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168945225000275","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/2/1 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Transposable elements have long been recognised as critical drivers of genetic diversity and evolution in plant genomes, influencing various physiological and developmental processes. The transcription factor family FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYLS3 (FHY3), and its homologue FAR-RED IMPAIRED RESPONSE1 (FAR1), initially identified as key components of phytochrome A (phyA)-mediated far-red (FR) light signalling in Arabidopsis thaliana, are derived from transposases and are essential for light signal transduction, plant growth, and development. FHY3 and FAR1 are also the founding members of the FAR1-RELATED SEQUENCE (FRS) family, which is conserved across terrestrial plants. While the coding sequences of many putative FRS and FAR1-RELATED FACTOR (FRF) orthologs have been identified in various angiosperm clades, their physiological functions remain largely unexplored. The FRF genes are considered truncated forms of FRS proteins that compete with FRS for DNA binding sites, thereby regulating gene expression.
This review highlights recent advances in characterising the molecular mechanisms of FHY3, FAR1, and other members of the FRS-FRF protein family. We examine their roles in key processes such as regulating flowering time, controlling branching, integrating leaf aging and senescence, modulating the circadian clock, maintaining meristem function, starch synthesis, seed germination, and responding to Starch synthesis and carbon starvation. Additionally, we explore their contributions to plant immunity under biotic and abiotic stresses. Finally, we suggest future directions for functional characterising other FRS-FRF family proteins in plants, which could provide deeper insights into their regulatory roles in plant biology.
期刊介绍：
Plant Science will publish in the minimum of time, research manuscripts as well as commissioned reviews and commentaries recommended by its referees in all areas of experimental plant biology with emphasis in the broad areas of genomics, proteomics, biochemistry (including enzymology), physiology, cell biology, development, genetics, functional plant breeding, systems biology and the interaction of plants with the environment.
Manuscripts for full consideration should be written concisely and essentially as a final report. The main criterion for publication is that the manuscript must contain original and significant insights that lead to a better understanding of fundamental plant biology. Papers centering on plant cell culture should be of interest to a wide audience and methods employed result in a substantial improvement over existing established techniques and approaches. Methods papers are welcome only when the technique(s) described is novel or provides a major advancement of established protocols.
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