A critical review on recent progress on nanostructured polyaniline (PANI) based sensors for various toxic gases: Challenges, applications, and future prospects

Abstract

Polyaniline (PANI)-based sensors have emerged as promising tools for gas detection, owing to their remarkable electrical conductivity, environmental stability, and straightforward synthesis process. With applications spanning public health, industrial safety, and environmental monitoring, these sensors hold significant societal relevance. Recent progress has centered on advancing their design, modifying materials, and refining detection mechanisms. This study focuses on the critical challenges of improving the sensitivity, selectivity, and response time of PANI-based sensors, particularly under conditions involving interfering gases. Key strategies, such as nano-structuring and composite fabrication are discussed to overcome these limitations. Furthermore, the potential for interdisciplinary approaches to advance the development of these sensors is highlighted. The paper concludes by outlining critical research areas and proposing pathways to enhance the performance of PANI-based sensors for toxic gas detection.