Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with unique attributes, such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR), biocompatibility, large surface-to-volume ratio, optoelectronic capabilities, and versatile synthesis methods, make them suitable for diverse biosensing applications. This review explores several synthesis methods and attributes of AuNPs, focusing on their advancement in detecting infectious diseases, cancers, food-borne pathogens, and environmental hazards. Recently, the incorporation of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) has significantly advanced the field of artificial intelligence (AI), enabling breakthroughs in various applications. Although these algorithms have been well-known in fields like image analysis, facial identification, and speech recognition, their use in biosensing.
remains an emerging area. This review highlights recent progress in AuNPs-based biosensors with AI algorithms, demonstrating their potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy and support the development of wearable, point-of-care, and lab-on-a-chip biosensors in clinical applications. The present review will aid in enhancing the understanding and development of potential AuNPs biosensor studies for healthcare applications utilizing AI technologies.
{"title":"Recent advances in artificial intelligence integrated gold nanoparticle-based biosensors for the detection of diseases and hazards","authors":"Vishakha Parkhe , Tukaram D. Dongale , C.I. Sathish , Gurwinder Singh , Ajayan Vinu , Arpita Pandey Tiwari","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2026.117091","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2026.117091","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with unique attributes, such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR), biocompatibility, large surface-to-volume ratio, optoelectronic capabilities, and versatile synthesis methods, make them suitable for diverse biosensing applications. This review explores several synthesis methods and attributes of AuNPs, focusing on their advancement in detecting infectious diseases, cancers, food-borne pathogens, and environmental hazards. Recently, the incorporation of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) has significantly advanced the field of artificial intelligence (AI), enabling breakthroughs in various applications. Although these algorithms have been well-known in fields like image analysis, facial identification, and speech recognition, their use in biosensing.</div><div>remains an emerging area. This review highlights recent progress in AuNPs-based biosensors with AI algorithms, demonstrating their potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy and support the development of wearable, point-of-care, and lab-on-a-chip biosensors in clinical applications. The present review will aid in enhancing the understanding and development of potential AuNPs biosensor studies for healthcare applications utilizing AI technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 117091"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2026.117043
Brij Mohan , Virender Virender , Neera Raghav , Gurjaspreet Singh , Amalendu Pal , Xiaoping Zhang , Stefan Ručman , Armando J.L. Pombeiro , Sang Sub Kim , Wei Sun , Pisith Singjai
Magnetic metal–organic framework (MOF) sorbents have emerged as promising materials for food safety due to their ability to selectively extract contaminants, including mycotoxins, pesticides, antibiotics, and industrial pollutants. This review emphasizes MOFs' tunable porosity, high surface area, and chemical versatility, which enable efficient magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) with high selectivity, rapid adsorption kinetics, and straightforward magnetic separation. It discusses functionalized hybrids, particularly Fe3O4-integrated MOFs, that achieve ultra-low detection limits and excellent recoveries across various food matrices. Adsorption typically follows pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir or Freundlich isotherms, indicating chemisorption and multilayer formation. Despite their strong analytical performance, challenges remain regarding hydrolytic stability, scalability, and long-term reusability. Future advancements are likely to come from greener large-scale synthesis, computationally guided MOF design, and integration with automated analytical platforms. Overall, magnetic MOF sorbents offer a sustainable pathway to rapid, selective, and reusable contaminant extraction for real-time food safety monitoring.
{"title":"Deciphering sorption kinetics of magnetic MOFs for selective extraction of foodborne contaminants","authors":"Brij Mohan , Virender Virender , Neera Raghav , Gurjaspreet Singh , Amalendu Pal , Xiaoping Zhang , Stefan Ručman , Armando J.L. Pombeiro , Sang Sub Kim , Wei Sun , Pisith Singjai","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2026.117043","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2026.117043","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Magnetic metal–organic framework (MOF) sorbents have emerged as promising materials for food safety due to their ability to selectively extract contaminants, including mycotoxins, pesticides, antibiotics, and industrial pollutants. This review emphasizes MOFs' tunable porosity, high surface area, and chemical versatility, which enable efficient magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) with high selectivity, rapid adsorption kinetics, and straightforward magnetic separation. It discusses functionalized hybrids, particularly Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-integrated MOFs, that achieve ultra-low detection limits and excellent recoveries across various food matrices. Adsorption typically follows pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir or Freundlich isotherms, indicating chemisorption and multilayer formation. Despite their strong analytical performance, challenges remain regarding hydrolytic stability, scalability, and long-term reusability. Future advancements are likely to come from greener large-scale synthesis, computationally guided MOF design, and integration with automated analytical platforms. Overall, magnetic MOF sorbents offer a sustainable pathway to rapid, selective, and reusable contaminant extraction for real-time food safety monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 117043"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2026.116926
Fatemeh Maleki , Mohammad-Reza Rashidi , Amir Vahedi
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world, and its early detection plays an important role in increasing patient survival and treatment outcomes. Cancer biomarkers play an important role as key tools in cancer prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment strategies due to the significant difference in their expression levels between cancer patients and healthy individuals. Among the different techniques for detecting cancer biomarkers, electrochemical immunosensors based on the formation of antigen-antibody complexes have attracted much attention due to their high sensitivity, low detection limit, rapid response, cost-effectiveness, and ease of use. The performance of these biosensors is highly dependent on the properties of the materials used in their fabrication. Among various nanomaterials, two-dimensional MXenes have attracted considerable attention due to their excellent electrical conductivity, high specific surface area, hydrophilicity, the presence of diverse functional groups, and good biocompatibility. These features allow for effective immobilization of bioreceptors, rapid electron transfer, and improved interaction with biomolecules. Furthermore, MXenes can be combined with other functional nanomaterials such as metal oxides, metal nanoparticles, carbon materials, and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) to form nanocomposites with synergistic properties that improve electrocatalytic activity, stability, and sensing performance. This review article comprehensively reviews recent advances in electrochemical immunosensors based on MXene nanocomposites for cancer biomarker detection. Furthermore, challenges, limitations, and future prospects are discussed to enable the development of the next generation of sensitive, selective, and cost-effective electrochemical immunosensors for cancer detection.
{"title":"MXene-based composite electrochemical immunosensors for cancer biomarker detection: A comprehensive review of current advances, challenges, and future perspectives","authors":"Fatemeh Maleki , Mohammad-Reza Rashidi , Amir Vahedi","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2026.116926","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2026.116926","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world, and its early detection plays an important role in increasing patient survival and treatment outcomes. Cancer biomarkers play an important role as key tools in cancer prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment strategies due to the significant difference in their expression levels between cancer patients and healthy individuals. Among the different techniques for detecting cancer biomarkers, electrochemical immunosensors based on the formation of antigen-antibody complexes have attracted much attention due to their high sensitivity, low detection limit, rapid response, cost-effectiveness, and ease of use. The performance of these biosensors is highly dependent on the properties of the materials used in their fabrication. Among various nanomaterials, two-dimensional MXenes have attracted considerable attention due to their excellent electrical conductivity, high specific surface area, hydrophilicity, the presence of diverse functional groups, and good biocompatibility. These features allow for effective immobilization of bioreceptors, rapid electron transfer, and improved interaction with biomolecules. Furthermore, MXenes can be combined with other functional nanomaterials such as metal oxides, metal nanoparticles, carbon materials, and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) to form nanocomposites with synergistic properties that improve electrocatalytic activity, stability, and sensing performance. This review article comprehensively reviews recent advances in electrochemical immunosensors based on MXene nanocomposites for cancer biomarker detection. Furthermore, challenges, limitations, and future prospects are discussed to enable the development of the next generation of sensitive, selective, and cost-effective electrochemical immunosensors for cancer detection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 116926"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2026.117093
Mohammad Hamza , Tenzin Sonam Dongsar , Mohammad Ali Abdullah Almoyad , Shadma Wahab , Garima Gupta , Khang Wen Goh , Prashant Kesharwani
Breast cancer remains the most frequently diagnosed malignancy worldwide and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women. Despite advances in chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical interventions, clinical outcomes are often compromised by nonspecific drug distribution, systemic toxicity, multidrug resistance, and poor aqueous solubility and bioavailability of conventional chemotherapeutics. These limitations have accelerated interest in advanced nanocarrier-based drug delivery strategies capable of improving pharmacokinetics, enhancing tumor selectivity, and minimizing off-target effects. Graphene oxide (GO), a two-dimensional oxidized derivative of graphene, has emerged as a highly promising nanocarrier owing to its large specific surface area, rich surface chemistry, tunable functionalization, favourable biocompatibility, and relatively low toxicity. Recent studies demonstrate that functionalized GO-based nanoplatforms enable high drug-loading efficiency, stimuli-responsive and controlled drug release, enhanced cellular uptake, and selective cytotoxicity toward breast cancer cells while sparing normal tissues. Moreover, integration of GO with polymers, targeting ligands, photothermal agents, and gene delivery systems has facilitated multifunctional platforms capable of combined chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, gene silencing, and theranostic applications. In vitro and in vivo investigations consistently reveal superior therapeutic efficacy of GO-based formulations compared with free drugs. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the design, physicochemical characterization, functionalization strategies, and biomedical performance of GO-based nanocarriers for breast cancer therapy, highlighting their potential to reshape current treatment paradigms through enhanced precision, therapeutic efficacy, and safety.
{"title":"Microchemical and physicochemical perspectives on graphene oxide-based nanocarriers for breast Cancer therapy","authors":"Mohammad Hamza , Tenzin Sonam Dongsar , Mohammad Ali Abdullah Almoyad , Shadma Wahab , Garima Gupta , Khang Wen Goh , Prashant Kesharwani","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2026.117093","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2026.117093","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Breast cancer remains the most frequently diagnosed malignancy worldwide and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women. Despite advances in chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical interventions, clinical outcomes are often compromised by nonspecific drug distribution, systemic toxicity, multidrug resistance, and poor aqueous solubility and bioavailability of conventional chemotherapeutics. These limitations have accelerated interest in advanced nanocarrier-based drug delivery strategies capable of improving pharmacokinetics, enhancing tumor selectivity, and minimizing off-target effects. Graphene oxide (GO), a two-dimensional oxidized derivative of graphene, has emerged as a highly promising nanocarrier owing to its large specific surface area, rich surface chemistry, tunable functionalization, favourable biocompatibility, and relatively low toxicity. Recent studies demonstrate that functionalized GO-based nanoplatforms enable high drug-loading efficiency, stimuli-responsive and controlled drug release, enhanced cellular uptake, and selective cytotoxicity toward breast cancer cells while sparing normal tissues. Moreover, integration of GO with polymers, targeting ligands, photothermal agents, and gene delivery systems has facilitated multifunctional platforms capable of combined chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, gene silencing, and theranostic applications. In vitro and in vivo investigations consistently reveal superior therapeutic efficacy of GO-based formulations compared with free drugs. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the design, physicochemical characterization, functionalization strategies, and biomedical performance of GO-based nanocarriers for breast cancer therapy, highlighting their potential to reshape current treatment paradigms through enhanced precision, therapeutic efficacy, and safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 117093"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146073618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2026.117121
Peter Tölgyessy , Slávka Nagyová , Svetlana Hrouzková
This review critically evaluates applications of stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) for determining European Union (EU) priority substances (PSs) across aquatic compartments—water, sediment, and biota—against the regulatory requirements of environmental quality standards (EQSs), including the associated performance criteria for analytical methods under the Water Framework Directive. SBSE, based on a polydimethylsiloxane-coated magnetic stir bar, offers high enrichment capacity, low solvent consumption, and strong suitability for hydrophobic analytes. In water analysis, SBSE achieves compliance for approximately two-thirds of organic PSs, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), C10–13 chloroalkanes, organochlorine pesticides, triazines, tributyltin (TBT) and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, while ultra-trace substances (e.g., pyrethroids, estrogens) and highly polar/ionic compounds remain challenging. In sediments and biota, SBSE follows solvent or pressurized extraction, enabling regulatory compliance for selected PAHs, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorobutadiene, dicofol, TBT, and methyl mercury, though sensitivity limitations persist for brominated diphenyl ethers, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide and bisphenol-A. Strategies to mitigate matrix effects include matrix modification (e.g., pH/ionic strength adjustment, organic modifiers) and advanced calibration techniques, such as matrix-matched calibration, often incorporating isotope-labelled standards. SBSE emerges as a valuable green analytical tool for regulatory monitoring, yet further developments in sorbent materials, instrumental sensitivity, and workflow integration are needed to broaden applicability and ensure full compliance with evolving EU environmental standards.
{"title":"Applicability of stir bar sorptive extraction for the analysis of EU priority substances in aquatic compartments: A critical review","authors":"Peter Tölgyessy , Slávka Nagyová , Svetlana Hrouzková","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2026.117121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2026.117121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review critically evaluates applications of stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) for determining European Union (EU) priority substances (PSs) across aquatic compartments—water, sediment, and biota—against the regulatory requirements of environmental quality standards (EQSs), including the associated performance criteria for analytical methods under the Water Framework Directive. SBSE, based on a polydimethylsiloxane-coated magnetic stir bar, offers high enrichment capacity, low solvent consumption, and strong suitability for hydrophobic analytes. In water analysis, SBSE achieves compliance for approximately two-thirds of organic PSs, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), C<sub>10–13</sub> chloroalkanes, organochlorine pesticides, triazines, tributyltin (TBT) and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, while ultra-trace substances (e.g., pyrethroids, estrogens) and highly polar/ionic compounds remain challenging. In sediments and biota, SBSE follows solvent or pressurized extraction, enabling regulatory compliance for selected PAHs, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorobutadiene, dicofol, TBT, and methyl mercury, though sensitivity limitations persist for brominated diphenyl ethers, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide and bisphenol-A. Strategies to mitigate matrix effects include matrix modification (e.g., pH/ionic strength adjustment, organic modifiers) and advanced calibration techniques, such as matrix-matched calibration, often incorporating isotope-labelled standards. SBSE emerges as a valuable green analytical tool for regulatory monitoring, yet further developments in sorbent materials, instrumental sensitivity, and workflow integration are needed to broaden applicability and ensure full compliance with evolving EU environmental standards.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 117121"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Persistent organic pollutants represent one of the most pressing global environmental challenges due to their extreme toxicity, resistance to degradation, and bioaccumulation in ecosystems. Conventional remediation strategies physical, chemical, and biological have shown limited scalability and long-term effectiveness, underscoring the need for transformative solutions. Recent advances in nanotechnology, advanced oxidation processes, photocatalysis, and hybrid bio-nano systems have demonstrated notable progress in enhancing degradation efficiency, selectivity, and cost-effectiveness. The integration of artificial intelligence provides a new frontier, enabling real-time monitoring, predictive modeling of pollutant behavior, and optimization of treatment protocols. Despite these advances, critical barriers such as nanomaterial safety, field-scale application, and complex pollutant interactions remain unresolved. This review provides a critical overview of state-of-the-art remediation strategies, offering an in-depth evaluation of their strengths and limitations while outlining key priorities for future research. By emphasizing eco-friendly innovations, synergistic technological approaches, and interdisciplinary frameworks supported by robust policies, this work provides a roadmap toward sustainable, efficient, and safe elimination of Persistent organic pollutants from the environment.
{"title":"Persistent organic pollutants (POP, s) in the 21st century: Emerging remediation technologies and future directions","authors":"Aeyaz Ahmad Bhat , Meraj Ahmed , Noureddine Elboughdiri , Jaskaran Singh , Karim Kriaa , Chemseddine Maatki , Bilel Hadrich , Atif Khurshid Wani","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2026.117041","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2026.117041","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Persistent organic pollutants represent one of the most pressing global environmental challenges due to their extreme toxicity, resistance to degradation, and bioaccumulation in ecosystems. Conventional remediation strategies physical, chemical, and biological have shown limited scalability and long-term effectiveness, underscoring the need for transformative solutions. Recent advances in nanotechnology, advanced oxidation processes, photocatalysis, and hybrid bio-nano systems have demonstrated notable progress in enhancing degradation efficiency, selectivity, and cost-effectiveness. The integration of artificial intelligence provides a new frontier, enabling real-time monitoring, predictive modeling of pollutant behavior, and optimization of treatment protocols. Despite these advances, critical barriers such as nanomaterial safety, field-scale application, and complex pollutant interactions remain unresolved. This review provides a critical overview of state-of-the-art remediation strategies, offering an in-depth evaluation of their strengths and limitations while outlining key priorities for future research. By emphasizing eco-friendly innovations, synergistic technological approaches, and interdisciplinary frameworks supported by robust policies, this work provides a roadmap toward sustainable, efficient, and safe elimination of Persistent organic pollutants from the environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 117041"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-29DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2026.117164
Yang Liu , Weitao Li , Zhongyan Lu , Haoyang Cai , Ruiling Yuan , Yongqi Yang , Xuezhi Qiao
Monitoring biomarkers in interstitial fluid (ISF) offers a compelling alternative to blood analysis for managing chronic metabolic diseases, owing to the high correlation between ISF and blood analyte concentrations. Herein, we reported a biomimetic microneedle (MN) sensor based on Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) for the minimally invasive, simultaneous detection of pH and uric acid (UA). The sensoring platform functionalized with a plasmonic active interface, constructed via the in situ self-assembly of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Crucially, this dense AuNP layer serves a dual function: it creates high-density SERS “hot spots” for signal amplification and significantly improves surface hydrophilicity, thereby facilitating the efficient extraction and enrichment of analytes from the ISF matrix. The sensor displayed superior analytical performance for dual UA and pH detection, offering broad linear dynamic ranges and suitable monitoring intervals relevant to physiological conditions. Additionally, this sensor displayed remarkable durability and reusability, successfully completing penetration and signal acquisition in a simulated skin environment. This work presents a robust, multifunctional sensing strategy for the minimally invasive management of gout and other metabolic disorders, paving the way for future in vivo applications.
{"title":"A microneedle-based SERS sensor for simultaneous detection of pH and uric acid in interstitial fluid","authors":"Yang Liu , Weitao Li , Zhongyan Lu , Haoyang Cai , Ruiling Yuan , Yongqi Yang , Xuezhi Qiao","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2026.117164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2026.117164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Monitoring biomarkers in interstitial fluid (ISF) offers a compelling alternative to blood analysis for managing chronic metabolic diseases, owing to the high correlation between ISF and blood analyte concentrations. Herein, we reported a biomimetic microneedle (MN) sensor based on Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) for the minimally invasive, simultaneous detection of pH and uric acid (UA). The sensoring platform functionalized with a plasmonic active interface, constructed via the in situ self-assembly of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Crucially, this dense AuNP layer serves a dual function: it creates high-density SERS “hot spots” for signal amplification and significantly improves surface hydrophilicity, thereby facilitating the efficient extraction and enrichment of analytes from the ISF matrix. The sensor displayed superior analytical performance for dual UA and pH detection, offering broad linear dynamic ranges and suitable monitoring intervals relevant to physiological conditions. Additionally, this sensor displayed remarkable durability and reusability, successfully completing penetration and signal acquisition in a simulated skin environment. This work presents a robust, multifunctional sensing strategy for the minimally invasive management of gout and other metabolic disorders, paving the way for future in vivo applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 117164"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-29DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2026.117170
Yujia Dai, Haoyuan Ding, Shangyong Zhao, Ziyuan Liu
We evaluated near-infrared hyperspectral imaging in the range of 900–1700 nm combined with machine learning for geographic origin authentication of Curcumae Radix collected from six major Chinese production regions. Each origin was represented by 100 specimens measured both as intact root slices and as finely milled powder. Three classification algorithms—support vector machine, random forest, and k-nearest neighbor—were compared after five common spectral preprocessing methods, using stratified train–test splits and nested cross-validation to ensure reliable generalization estimates. Model robustness was further assessed through per-origin holdout testing, permutation analysis, and the introduction of Gaussian noise and illumination variation, along with bootstrap-derived confidence intervals. Support vector machine consistently achieved the highest performance, with root slices reaching an average accuracy of 95.17% and powders achieving 99.00%. Powder spectra demonstrated not only higher discriminative power but also greater resilience to measurement noise and lighting changes compared with intact-root spectra. These results indicate that morphology-aware preprocessing combined with SVM enables rapid, non-destructive, and statistically validated provenance identification of Yujin, with powder-based assays offering the optimal balance between accuracy, robustness, and operational efficiency.
{"title":"Robust provenance classification of curcumae radix (Yujin) using nir-hsi: Preprocessing, nested CV and morphology effects","authors":"Yujia Dai, Haoyuan Ding, Shangyong Zhao, Ziyuan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2026.117170","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2026.117170","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We evaluated near-infrared hyperspectral imaging in the range of 900–1700 nm combined with machine learning for geographic origin authentication of Curcumae Radix collected from six major Chinese production regions. Each origin was represented by 100 specimens measured both as intact root slices and as finely milled powder. Three classification algorithms—support vector machine, random forest, and k-nearest neighbor—were compared after five common spectral preprocessing methods, using stratified train–test splits and nested cross-validation to ensure reliable generalization estimates. Model robustness was further assessed through per-origin holdout testing, permutation analysis, and the introduction of Gaussian noise and illumination variation, along with bootstrap-derived confidence intervals. Support vector machine consistently achieved the highest performance, with root slices reaching an average accuracy of 95.17% and powders achieving 99.00%. Powder spectra demonstrated not only higher discriminative power but also greater resilience to measurement noise and lighting changes compared with intact-root spectra. These results indicate that morphology-aware preprocessing combined with SVM enables rapid, non-destructive, and statistically validated provenance identification of Yujin, with powder-based assays offering the optimal balance between accuracy, robustness, and operational efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 117170"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-29DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2026.117159
Marco Vecchiato , Giorgia Trevisanato , Diego Costa , Elena Barbaro , Marianna D'Amico , Giovanna Mazzi , Andrea Gambaro
Personal care products (PCPs) are compounds largely emitted and detected in the water compartment. However, as emerged in recent literature, their presence in the atmosphere is fundamental to understanding their environmental fate. Standardized procedures for the determination of PCPs in the atmosphere are still lacking. We developed a new analytical method to determine fragrances and UV filters in outdoor samples, focusing on their distribution both in the gas (Polyurethane foam; PUF) and Total Suspended Particulate (TSP; quartz filter) phases. A low-temperature (40 °C) solvent extraction procedure was adopted, followed by GC–MS/MS instrumental analyses. The method was tested on samples collected during summer 2023 in low and high anthropogenic-impacted sites: urban, coastal, and alpine areas of the Veneto Region in Italy, and a remote area in the Norwegian Arctic (Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard). Results showed the highest levels of ΣPCPs near the seashore (13–16 ng m−3), reflecting the widespread use of sunscreen products in summer by touristic and recreational activities. Lower concentrations were observed in the urban area (ΣPCPs = 6.0–8.5 ng m−3), followed by the alpine samples from the Dolomites (ΣPCPs = 1.6–3.0 ng m−3). In the Arctic, ΣPCPs were orders of magnitude lower (0.11–1.3 ng m−3) compared to the other sites. Among PCPs, Galaxolide, Tonalide and Ethylene Brassylate were generally the main musk fragrances, while Salicylates were the most abundant compounds among UV filters and non-musk fragrances. The selected PCPs were mainly distributed in the gas phase, with the exception of Octocrylene. This agrees with previous hypotheses and findings that associate this UV filter with the atmospheric particulate. The analytical method presented in this study will contribute to further understanding the behavior of PCPs in the atmosphere and to assess their long-range transport.
个人护理产品（pcp）主要是化合物释放和检测在水隔间。然而，正如最近文献中出现的那样，它们在大气中的存在是了解其环境命运的基础。目前仍缺乏测定大气中pcp的标准化程序。我们开发了一种新的分析方法来确定室外样品中的香料和紫外线过滤器，重点关注它们在气相（聚氨酯泡沫；PUF）和总悬浮颗粒（TSP；石英过滤器）中的分布。采用低温（40°C）溶剂萃取，GC-MS /MS仪器分析。该方法在2023年夏季在低和高人为影响地点收集的样本上进行了测试：意大利威尼托地区的城市、沿海和高山地区，以及挪威北极的偏远地区（Ny-Ålesund，斯瓦尔巴群岛）。结果显示，沿海地区的ΣPCPs水平最高（13-16 ng m - 3），反映了夏季旅游和娱乐活动普遍使用防晒产品。城市地区的浓度较低（ΣPCPs = 6.0 ~ 8.5 ng m−3），其次是白云岩的高山样品（ΣPCPs = 1.6 ~ 3.0 ng m−3）。在北极，ΣPCPs比其他地点低了几个数量级（0.11-1.3 ng m−3）。在pcp中，麝香成分以Galaxolide、Tonalide和乙烯Brassylate为主，而水杨酸盐是紫外线过滤器和非麝香成分中含量最多的化合物。所选pcp除奥克力外，主要分布在气相中。这与之前的假设和发现一致，即紫外线过滤器与大气微粒有关。本研究提出的分析方法将有助于进一步了解pcp在大气中的行为并评估其远程传输。
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Pub Date : 2026-01-29DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2026.117161
Pavlos Voutsas , Konstantinos Angeli , Abuzar Kabir , Fernando Zaldivar Eyre , Natasa Kalogiouri , Victoria Samanidou
Α new microextraction platform Porous Tube Sorptive Extraction (PTSE) is reported for the first time for the selective isolation of bisphenols from human urine prior to HPLC–DAD analysis. The novel device consists of a micro-porous tubular substrate uniformly coated with a sol–gel Polyethylene Glycol 20K (sol-gel PEG 20K) sorbent phase, providing a high surface area, hydrophilic–lipophilic network that promotes efficient partitioning of target analytes while minimizing matrix effects. Key operational variables were optimized using a one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) strategy, and the PTSE–HPLC–DAD workflow was validated in human urine. The method delivered high recoveries (71.0–100.9%), good linearity across the working range, and low quantitation and detection limits of 0.05 ng/μL and 0.015 ng/μL, respectively. The PTSE device operated with minimal organic solvent and supported multiple extraction-desorption cycles without appreciable loss of performance, underscoring its robustness and cost-efficiency. Method greenness was quantitatively confirmed using Modified Green Analytical Procedure Index (MoGAPI) and Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI) metrics, evidencing reduced solvent consumption and waste generation relative to conventional approaches. Overall, PTSE combines selectivity, sensitivity, and sustainability in a compact format compatible with routine HPLC–DAD analysis, positioning it as a practical tool for bisphenol biomonitoring and a promising template for future sol–gel tube-based microextraction devices.
{"title":"Porous tube Sorptive extraction: A robust sol–gel sorbent encapsulated device for monitoring bisphenols in human urine","authors":"Pavlos Voutsas , Konstantinos Angeli , Abuzar Kabir , Fernando Zaldivar Eyre , Natasa Kalogiouri , Victoria Samanidou","doi":"10.1016/j.microc.2026.117161","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.microc.2026.117161","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Α new microextraction platform <strong>Porous Tube Sorptive Extraction (PTSE) is reported for the first time</strong> for the selective isolation of bisphenols from human urine prior to HPLC–DAD analysis. The novel device consists of a <strong>micro-porous tubular substrate</strong> uniformly coated with a <strong>sol–gel Polyethylene Glycol 20</strong> <strong>K (sol-gel PEG 20</strong> <strong>K) sorbent</strong> phase, providing a high surface area, hydrophilic–lipophilic network that promotes efficient partitioning of target analytes while minimizing matrix effects. Key operational variables were optimized using a <strong>one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT)</strong> strategy, and the PTSE–HPLC–DAD workflow was validated in human urine. The method delivered <strong>high recoveries (71.0–100.9%)</strong>, <strong>good linearity</strong> across the working range, and <strong>low quantitation and detection limits</strong> of <strong>0.05</strong> ng/μL and <strong>0.015</strong> ng/μL, respectively. The PTSE device operated with <strong>minimal organic solvent</strong> and supported <strong>multiple extraction-desorption cycles</strong> without appreciable loss of performance, underscoring its robustness and cost-efficiency. Method greenness was quantitatively confirmed using Modified Green Analytical Procedure Index (<strong>MoGAPI)</strong> and Blue Applicability Grade Index (<strong>BAGI)</strong> metrics, evidencing reduced solvent consumption and waste generation relative to conventional approaches. Overall, PTSE combines <strong>selectivity, sensitivity, and sustainability</strong> in a compact format compatible with routine HPLC–DAD analysis, positioning it as a practical tool for <strong>bisphenol biomonitoring</strong> and a promising template for future sol–gel tube-based microextraction devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":391,"journal":{"name":"Microchemical Journal","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 117161"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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