Do electrification-temperature effects deteriorate ZDDP tribofilms in electric vehicles transmission? Insights into antiwear mechanisms using low-SAPS oils

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Wear Pub Date : 2025-03-15 Epub Date: 2025-01-17 DOI:10.1016/j.wear.2025.205746

Mohamed Kamal Ahmed Ali , Chaoyang Zhang , Qiangliang Yu , Yuchen Sun , Feng Zhou , Weimin Liu

{"title":"Do electrification-temperature effects deteriorate ZDDP tribofilms in electric vehicles transmission? Insights into antiwear mechanisms using low-SAPS oils","authors":"Mohamed Kamal Ahmed Ali , Chaoyang Zhang , Qiangliang Yu , Yuchen Sun , Feng Zhou , Weimin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.wear.2025.205746","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to provide the answer to the crucial question regarding the combined effects of electrification and temperature on ZDDP tribofilm durability. The current investigation aims to understand the tribofilm formation mechanism on electrified steel surfaces, helping mitigate the adverse effects of current leakage in electric vehicles (EVs) transmission. A low-SAPS oil was formulated using polyalphaolefin oil (PAO6) and 0.5 wt% zinc isopropyl-isooctyl-dithiophosphate (ZDDP, type T204). Additionally, the commercially fully formulated transmission oil for EVs was used as a reference oil to compare. The current-carrying friction tests were conducted under various DC currents (2–8 A) and temperatures (50–200 °C) at 250 N and 10 Hz using an electrified SRV-IV tribometer. The results demonstrated that the electrical contact resistance (ECR) and coefficient of friction (COF) signals were dynamically compatible, indicating the tribofilm behavior. Notably, the antiwear properties of ZDDP oil were enhanced by up to 58 % compared to the reference oil under various currents at 150 °C. The HRTEM results revealed that ZDDP oil produces a thick antiwear tribofilm up to 654.8 nm, while the reference oil forms a thin tribofilm up to 37.1 nm at 8 A and 150 °C. The electrification effects do not deteriorate antiwear ZDDP tribofilms due to their higher formation rate than the scrape-off rate. Accordingly, these findings will help synthesize new organic oil additives (low-SAPS) and open future opportunities for discovering green alternatives to enhance the durability of EVs transmission.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23970,"journal":{"name":"Wear","volume":"564 ","pages":"Article 205746"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Wear","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043164825000158","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/1/17 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

This study aims to provide the answer to the crucial question regarding the combined effects of electrification and temperature on ZDDP tribofilm durability. The current investigation aims to understand the tribofilm formation mechanism on electrified steel surfaces, helping mitigate the adverse effects of current leakage in electric vehicles (EVs) transmission. A low-SAPS oil was formulated using polyalphaolefin oil (PAO6) and 0.5 wt% zinc isopropyl-isooctyl-dithiophosphate (ZDDP, type T204). Additionally, the commercially fully formulated transmission oil for EVs was used as a reference oil to compare. The current-carrying friction tests were conducted under various DC currents (2–8 A) and temperatures (50–200 °C) at 250 N and 10 Hz using an electrified SRV-IV tribometer. The results demonstrated that the electrical contact resistance (ECR) and coefficient of friction (COF) signals were dynamically compatible, indicating the tribofilm behavior. Notably, the antiwear properties of ZDDP oil were enhanced by up to 58 % compared to the reference oil under various currents at 150 °C. The HRTEM results revealed that ZDDP oil produces a thick antiwear tribofilm up to 654.8 nm, while the reference oil forms a thin tribofilm up to 37.1 nm at 8 A and 150 °C. The electrification effects do not deteriorate antiwear ZDDP tribofilms due to their higher formation rate than the scrape-off rate. Accordingly, these findings will help synthesize new organic oil additives (low-SAPS) and open future opportunities for discovering green alternatives to enhance the durability of EVs transmission.

Abstract Image

查看原文

微信好友朋友圈 QQ好友复制链接

本刊更多论文

电气化温度效应是否会使电动汽车传动中的ZDDP摩擦膜恶化？使用低saps油的抗磨机制

本研究旨在为电气化和温度对ZDDP摩擦膜耐久性的综合影响这一关键问题提供答案。目前的研究旨在了解通电钢表面的摩擦膜形成机制，以帮助减轻电动汽车（ev）传动中电流泄漏的不利影响。用聚α -烯烃油（PAO6）和0.5 wt%异丙基异辛基二硫代磷酸锌（ZDDP， T204型）配制了一种低saps油。此外，还将商用纯电动汽车变速箱油作为参考油进行比较。采用电气化SRV-IV型摩擦计，在250 N和10 Hz的不同直流电流（2-8 A）和温度（50-200°C）下进行载流摩擦试验。结果表明，接触电阻（ECR）和摩擦系数（COF）信号是动态相容的，表明了摩擦膜的行为。值得注意的是，在150°C的不同电流下，与参考油相比，ZDDP油的抗磨性能提高了58%。HRTEM结果表明，在8a和150℃条件下，ZDDP油形成厚达654.8 nm的抗磨摩擦膜，而参考油形成厚达37.1 nm的抗磨摩擦膜。由于ZDDP摩擦膜的形成率高于刮擦率，因此电气化效应不会使ZDDP摩擦膜的抗磨性恶化。因此，这些发现将有助于合成新的有机油添加剂（低saps），并为发现绿色替代品开辟未来的机会，以提高电动汽车传动的耐久性。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文去求助

来源期刊

Wear 工程技术-材料科学：综合

CiteScore

8.80

自引率

8.00%

发文量

280

审稿时长

47 days

期刊介绍： Wear journal is dedicated to the advancement of basic and applied knowledge concerning the nature of wear of materials. Broadly, topics of interest range from development of fundamental understanding of the mechanisms of wear to innovative solutions to practical engineering problems. Authors of experimental studies are expected to comment on the repeatability of the data, and whenever possible, conduct multiple measurements under similar testing conditions. Further, Wear embraces the highest standards of professional ethics, and the detection of matching content, either in written or graphical form, from other publications by the current authors or by others, may result in rejection.