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Study on tribochemical reaction behavior induced by abrasives scratching in SiC wafer backside thinning SiC晶片背面减薄过程中磨料刮擦引起的摩擦化学反应行为研究

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2026-04-15 Epub Date: 2026-02-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206589

Qiufa Luo , Gu Li , Jieming Chen , Jing Lu , Congming Ke , Guangqiu Hu , Jianhui Zhu , Hui Huang

Backside thinning of SiC wafers is a crucial process for obtaining high-performance SiC devices. However, cracks are highly prone to formation during backside thinning process, which in turn impacts the performance of SiC devices. To eliminate the cracks generated during wafer thinning process, this study investigates the interfacial tribochemical reactions induced by abrasives friction during backside thinning of SiC wafers. The effects of abrasive size, mixed abrasive type, and polishing parameters on interfacial tribochemical reaction were analyzed by characterizing the surface morphology, surface composition, and subsurface damage of polished SiC wafers. Results showed that a tribochemical reaction occurred between diamond abrasives and SiC wafers, and incorporating CeO₂ increased the atomic percentage of Si-O bonds by 47.2% compared with pure diamond abrasives. A smooth SiC surface with a roughness of 0.76 nm was obtained under a rotation speed of 1000 rpm and feed rate of 0.3 mm/min, and no cracks were detected on the subsurface. The surface of SiC was amorphized under the mechanical action of diamond abrasives and then reacted with water to form SiO₂. This transformation of amorphous SiC into SiO₂ could be accelerated by adding CeO₂ abrasives, attributed to the high catalytic activity of CeO₂.

SiC晶圆背面减薄是获得高性能SiC器件的关键工艺。然而，在后部减薄过程中极易形成裂纹，从而影响SiC器件的性能。为了消除硅片减薄过程中产生的裂纹，研究了硅片背面减薄过程中磨料摩擦引起的界面摩擦化学反应。通过对抛光后SiC晶圆的表面形貌、表面成分和亚表面损伤的表征，分析了磨料尺寸、混合磨料类型和抛光参数对界面摩擦化学反应的影响。结果表明：金刚石磨料与SiC晶片发生摩擦化学反应，添加CeO2使Si-O键原子百分率比纯金刚石磨料提高了47.2%；在转速为1000 rpm、进给速度为0.3 mm/min的条件下，获得了粗糙度为0.76 nm的光滑SiC表面，且表面下未发现裂纹。SiC表面在金刚石磨料的机械作用下发生非晶化，然后与水反应生成SiO2。由于CeO2具有较高的催化活性，添加CeO2磨料可以加速非晶态SiC向SiO2的转变。

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引用次数: 0

Advanced tribological performance of PVD AlTiCrN and TiCrN coatings under dry and lubricated conditions PVD AlTiCrN和TiCrN涂层在干燥和润滑条件下的高级摩擦学性能

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2026-04-15 Epub Date: 2026-02-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206586

Seda Ataş Bakdemir , Doğuş Özkan , Kürşat Alp Arpacı , Cenk Türküz , Melisa Konar , Egemen Sulukan

TiCrN and AlTiCrN multilayer coatings were fabricated on H13 steel substrates through the cathodic arc physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique. Comprehensive structural, mechanical, and tribological characterizations were performed to evaluate their behavior under dry and lubricated sliding conditions. When the mechanical properties of the coatings are evaluated, it is observed that although the AlTiCrN coating exhibits higher hardness (29.38 GPa) compared to the TiCrN coating (24.15 GPa), its adhesion strength is lower, corresponding to an HF4 classification. XRD and Raman analyses confirmed the formation of both coatings with a preferred (200) orientation and characteristic Ti–Cr–Al–N vibrational modes. AFM results demonstrated higher surface roughness for AlTiCrN due to increased droplet density. Tribological tests showed that TiCrN provided superior friction and wear performance under dry conditions, whereas AlTiCrN exhibited better tribological response under lubrication and wear resistance at lower loads, though localized spallation occurred at higher loads, indicating load-dependent degradation. SEM/EDX analysis revealed oxide formation on the wear scars of the TiCrN coating, which contributed to its lower COF under dry conditions, whereas the AlTiCrN coating preserved its constituent elements without oxide formation or substrate exposure. Under lubricated conditions, TiCrN showed localized Fe signals indicating partial substrate exposure and abrasive wear, whereas AlTiCrN retained its surface composition, confirming better wear protection.

采用阴极电弧物理气相沉积（PVD）技术在H13钢基体上制备了TiCrN和AlTiCrN多层涂层。进行了全面的结构、机械和摩擦学表征，以评估其在干滑动和润滑滑动条件下的行为。对涂层的力学性能进行评价时发现，AlTiCrN涂层的硬度（29.38 GPa）高于TiCrN涂层（24.15 GPa），但其附着力较低，属于HF4级。XRD和Raman分析证实了这两种涂层的形成都具有首选（200）取向和特征Ti-Cr-Al-N振动模式。AFM结果表明，由于液滴密度的增加，AlTiCrN的表面粗糙度更高。摩擦学测试表明，TiCrN在干燥条件下具有优越的摩擦磨损性能，而AlTiCrN在较低载荷下在润滑和耐磨性下表现出较好的摩擦学响应，尽管在较高载荷下会发生局部剥落，表明载荷依赖性退化。SEM/EDX分析显示，在干燥条件下，TiCrN涂层的磨损痕上形成了氧化物，这导致其COF较低，而AlTiCrN涂层保留了其组成元素，没有形成氧化物或衬底暴露。在润滑条件下，TiCrN显示出局部铁信号，表明部分衬底暴露和磨粒磨损，而AlTiCrN保留了其表面成分，证实了更好的磨损保护。

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引用次数: 0

Deterioration mechanism of high-performance engineered cementitious composites with fiber content consideration suffering from alternant freeze-thaw and abrasion 考虑纤维含量的高性能工程胶凝复合材料冻融磨损劣化机理

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2026-04-15 Epub Date: 2026-02-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206587

Qingshun Nong , Bixiong Li , Jinjia Zi , Zhiwen Wang , Weibin Li , Zhimin Liu , Guiming Wu , Lianghui Li , Zhibo Zhang

Hydraulic concrete in plateau regions is confronted with severe durability issues, including the problem of coupling action between freeze-thaw cycles and abrasion. Revealing the deterioration mechanism of cementitious materials, which are subjected to alternating freeze-thaw and abrasion action, is expected to ensure structural reliability while reducing maintenance costs. As a fiber-reinforced cementitious material with satisfactory performance, high-performance engineered cementitious composites (HP-ECC) has the potential to address such issues. Two alternating protocols were set utilizing the underwater steel ball method and rapid freeze-thaw method to investigate the deterioration behavior of HP-ECC with various polyethylene (PE) fiber contents (0%, 0.6%, 1.2%, 1.8%). In addition, the compressive properties, tensile properties, frost resistance, pore structure, and microscopic morphology were tested to ascertain the deterioration mechanism. The relationship between the dimensionless abrasion resistance parameter and fiber content under the two protocols was established. The results show that the abrasion resistance of HP-ECC subjected to multi-cycle action is much less than that subjected to single-cycle action. Furthermore, the deterioration of abrasion resistance lies in the fact that the exposed worn surface is subjected to freeze-thaw cycles. The incorporation of PE fibers can enhance the abrasion resistance of the mortar matrix when subjected to alternating actions, while the variation trend of abrasion resistance with fiber content is affected by the frequency of alternation. This study lays a foundation for the research and development of cementitious materials resistant to abrasion for hydraulic engineering in plateau areas.

高原地区水工混凝土面临着严峻的耐久性问题，包括冻融循环和磨损的耦合作用问题。揭示胶凝材料在冻融和磨损交替作用下的劣化机理，有望在保证结构可靠性的同时降低维护成本。高性能工程胶凝复合材料（HP-ECC）作为一种具有良好性能的纤维增强胶凝材料，具有解决上述问题的潜力。采用水下钢球法和快速冻融法设置两种交替处理方案，研究不同聚乙烯（PE）纤维含量（0%、0.6%、1.2%、1.8%）下HP-ECC的劣化行为。并对其压缩性能、拉伸性能、抗冻性能、孔隙结构和微观形貌进行了测试，以确定其变质机理。建立了两种方案下无量纲耐磨性参数与纤维含量之间的关系。结果表明，HP-ECC在多循环作用下的耐磨性远低于单循环作用下的耐磨性。此外，耐磨性的恶化在于暴露的磨损表面受到冻融循环的影响。PE纤维的掺入可以增强砂浆基体在交变作用下的耐磨性，而耐磨性随纤维含量的变化趋势受交变频率的影响。本研究为高原水利工程抗磨胶凝材料的研究与开发奠定了基础。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of nitrogen content on the cryogenic tribological behavior of austenitic stainless steel 氮含量对奥氏体不锈钢低温摩擦学性能的影响

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206561

Liyuan Zhao , Xiaolin Li , Ke Hua , Xiangtao Deng , Haifeng Wang , Quan Xu

Commonly used austenitic stainless steels (ASSs) have certain limitations in complex sliding wear conditions due to their relatively low yield strength and hardness. To improve the wear resistance, 316LN ASSs with different nitrogen contents (LNS: 0.14 wt%, HNS: 0.38 wt%) are prepared, to investigate the effect of nitrogen on dry sliding friction behavior and wear mechanisms at 0 °C, −60 °C, and −120 °C. Dry sliding wear tests are conducted using a ball-on-disk tribometer, with a GCr15 steel ball as the counterface. The results indicate that the wear rates of both LNS and HNS specimens decrease with decreasing temperature. At −60 °C, the LNS specimen exhibits better wear resistance than the harder HNS specimen, as martensitic transformation in the worn subsurface enhances its performance. However, at −120 °C, both LNS and HNS specimens undergo significant martensitic transformation, but the wear rate of the HNS specimen is lower due to its higher hardness, which significantly improves its wear resistance. Furthermore, the worn surface of the LNS specimen shows severe grooves, debris, and delamination, indicating abrasive and fatigue wear mechanisms. In contrast, the HNS specimen exhibits a relatively smooth worn surface with only mild abrasive wear. However, nitrogen-induced hardness enhancement in the HNS specimen leads to increased interfacial shear resistance during sliding, resulting in a higher CoF (0.5417) than that of the LNS specimen (0.5087).

常用的奥氏体不锈钢屈服强度和硬度较低，在复杂滑动磨损条件下存在一定的局限性。为了提高其耐磨性，制备了不同氮含量（LNS: 0.14 wt%, HNS: 0.38 wt%）的316LN ASSs，研究了氮在0°C、- 60°C和- 120°C下对干滑动摩擦行为和磨损机理的影响。干滑动磨损试验使用球盘摩擦计进行，以GCr15钢球为面。结果表明，随着温度的降低，LNS和HNS试样的磨损率均呈下降趋势。在−60°C时，LNS试样的耐磨性优于较硬的HNS试样，这是由于磨损的亚表面马氏体相变增强了其性能。而在- 120℃时，LNS和HNS试样均发生了明显的马氏体相变，但HNS试样由于硬度较高，磨损率较低，耐磨性显著提高。此外，LNS试样的磨损表面显示出严重的沟槽、碎屑和分层，表明磨粒和疲劳磨损机制。相比之下，HNS试样表现出相对光滑的磨损表面，只有轻微的磨粒磨损。然而，氮诱导HNS试样的硬度增强导致滑动过程中界面剪切阻力增加，导致CoF（0.5417）高于LNS试样（0.5087）。

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引用次数: 0

Synergistic effects of grain boundary and crystallographic orientation on atomic level removal mechanism of polycrystalline diamond 晶界和晶体取向对聚晶金刚石原子水平去除机制的协同作用

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206558

Bo Yang , Jiahao Shi , Xiangyan Ding , Bing Liu , Ning Hu

Polycrystalline CVD diamond (PCD) enables cost-effective large-area fabrication and exhibits exceptional thermal conductivity, making it an ideal heat dissipation substrate for high-power devices such as GaN chips. Achieving atomically smooth surfaces is essential for minimizing interfacial thermal resistance. However, the atomic level material removal mechanisms in PCD remain poorly understood, hindering the realization of atomically smooth PCD surfaces. Here, we demonstrate that height difference between grains constitutes the primary factor limiting surface quality in polished PCD. Through atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoscratch experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we reveal pronounced anisotropic behavior in scratching forces, removal depths, dislocation densities, and amorphous phase formation when scratching along different crystallographic directions on identical crystal planes. Furthermore, grain boundary effects induce significant changes in both scratching force and removal depth when transitioning between adjacent grains along consistent scratching directions. This work provides fundamental insights for optimizing PCD polishing processes to achieve atomically smooth surfaces required for next-generation thermal management applications.

多晶CVD金刚石（PCD）能够实现经济高效的大面积制造，并具有优异的导热性，使其成为GaN芯片等高功率器件的理想散热基板。实现原子光滑表面对于最小化界面热阻至关重要。然而，原子水平的材料去除机制在PCD中仍然知之甚少，阻碍了原子光滑PCD表面的实现。在这里，我们证明了晶粒之间的高度差是限制抛光PCD表面质量的主要因素。通过原子力显微镜（AFM）纳米划痕实验和分子动力学（MD）模拟，我们揭示了在相同晶体平面上沿不同晶体学方向划痕时，划痕力、去除深度、位错密度和非晶态相形成的显著各向异性行为。此外，晶界效应在相邻晶粒之间沿一致的划痕方向过渡时，会引起划痕力和去除深度的显著变化。这项工作为优化PCD抛光工艺提供了基本的见解，以实现下一代热管理应用所需的原子光滑表面。

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引用次数: 0

Probing the wear behavior of Inconel 718 fabricated by additive-subtractive hybrid manufacturing 增减复合制造英科乃尔718的磨损性能研究

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206575

Changyu Liu , Shuang Su , Zhiliang Ning , Yanming Zhang , Jianfei Sun , Qi Zhang , Daniel Şopu , Jürgen Eckert , Yongjiang Huang

This study investigates the wear behaviors of Inconel 718 (IN718) specimens fabricated by additive manufacturing (AM) and additive-subtractive hybrid manufacturing (ASHM), with a focus on room-temperature milling (RTM) and high-temperature milling (HTM) conditions. The milling process induced severe plastic deformation in the ASHM specimens, resulting in the formation of surface nanocrystalline layers ranging from 10 to 50 μm in thickness. At room temperature, the wear rates of the RTM and HTM specimens were 4.15 × 10⁻³ and 4.92 × 10⁻³ mm³ N⁻¹ m⁻¹, respectively, which were approximately reduced by 33% and 20% compared with the AM specimen. This enhancement is primarily attributed to the increased grain boundary density and the introduction of residual compressive stress. At 650 °C, the differences in wear resistance among the specimens diminished, as stable oxide films formed on all surfaces, effectively reducing adhesive wear and mitigating further mechanical degradation.

研究了增材制造（AM）和增减混合制造（ASHM）制备的Inconel 718 （IN718）试样的磨损行为，重点研究了室温铣削（RTM）和高温铣削（HTM）条件下的磨损行为。铣削过程引起了ASHM试样的严重塑性变形，导致表面形成了厚度为10 ~ 50 μm的纳米晶层。室温下，RTM和HTM试样的磨损率分别为4.15 × 10−3和4.92 × 10−3 mm3 N−1 m−1，与AM试样相比分别降低了约33%和20%。这种增强主要是由于晶界密度的增加和残余压应力的引入。在650℃时，试样之间的耐磨性差异减小，因为所有表面都形成了稳定的氧化膜，有效地减少了粘着磨损并减轻了进一步的机械退化。

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引用次数: 0

Microscopic wear mechanism of sub-micron crystals in M50NiL carburized layer M50NiL渗碳层亚微米晶体的微观磨损机理

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206567

Zifeng Ding , Jiaxu Guo , Lina Zhou , Xinghong Zhang , Xinxin Ma

In this study, the grain size of the near-surface layer in carburized steel is refined to the submicron level by adjusting the parameters of carburizing heat treatment. The tribological test results indicate that the formation of a submicron-grained carburized layer reduces the average coefficient of friction from 0.75 to 0.54 and decreases the wear volume by approximately 40 %. Compared to the sample with non-sub-micron crystal region (NSMCR), the sample with sub-micron crystal region (SMCR) exhibits less severe oxidative and adhesive wear, along with narrower and shallower wear tracks. The microscopic wear mechanisms of the wear tracks are examined through a combination of focused ion beam (FIB) sample preparation, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD). The carbides within the carburized layer of M50NiL steel provide structural support to the matrix, with notable deformation and increased dislocation density observed in surface carbides. Under cyclic loading during the tribological process, the surface grains in the carburized layer of M50NiL steel undergo nanocrystallization, significantly enhancing the surface hardness and mitigating further wear of the matrix. The SMCR sample exhibits a higher density of dispersed carbides and a greater degree of martensitic nanocrystallization in the wear layer, accompanied by reduced texture intensity. This is attributed to the enhanced precipitation of temper carbides promoted by the abundant grain and subgrain boundaries in the carburized layer of SMCR, which refines the martensite grains, improves the resistance to plastic deformation, and increases the randomness of grain orientation. By contrast, the wear track of the NSMCR sample exhibits stronger texture, with the long axes of martensite grains aligned parallel to each other and perpendicular to the sample surface. This alignment reduces the ability of the subsurface layer to resist crack propagation during wear.

本研究通过调整渗碳热处理工艺参数，将渗碳钢近表层的晶粒细化到亚微米级。摩擦学试验结果表明，亚微米级渗碳层的形成使平均摩擦系数从0.75降低到0.54，磨损体积减小约40%。与非亚微米晶体区（NSMCR）样品相比，亚微米晶体区（SMCR）样品表现出较轻的氧化磨损和粘着磨损，并且磨损痕迹更窄、更浅。通过聚焦离子束（FIB）样品制备、透射电子显微镜（TEM）和透射菊池衍射（TKD）相结合的方法研究了磨损轨迹的微观磨损机制。M50NiL钢渗碳层内的碳化物为基体提供了组织支撑，表面碳化物显著变形，位错密度增大。在循环加载过程中，M50NiL钢渗碳层表面晶粒发生纳米晶化，显著提高了表面硬度，减轻了基体的进一步磨损。SMCR试样在磨损层中具有较高的分散碳化物密度和较大程度的马氏体纳米晶化，织构强度降低。这是由于SMCR渗碳层中丰富的晶界和亚晶界促进回火碳化物析出，使马氏体晶粒细化，提高了抗塑性变形能力，增加了晶粒取向的随机性。相比之下，NSMCR试样的磨损轨迹显示出更强的织构，马氏体晶粒的长轴排列相互平行，垂直于试样表面。这种排列降低了亚表层在磨损过程中抵抗裂纹扩展的能力。

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引用次数: 0

A plasma nitriding-strengthened chemically complex intermetallic alloy with enhanced wear resistance at both room and elevated temperature regimes 一种等离子体氮化强化化学复合金属间合金，在室温和高温下都具有增强的耐磨性

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2026.206576

J.X. Hou , G.L. Li , R. Yang , J.B. Zhang , T. Wang , X.Y. Gao , T.W. Zhang , Z.H. Wang , J.W. Qiao , W.W. Song , T. Yang

The tribological properties of a chemically complex intermetallic alloy (CCIMA) were enhanced through plasma nitriding surface treatment. The results revealed that nitriding led to the formation of complex nitrides, including TiN, AlN, BN, and CrN, on the alloy surface. Benefiting from this, the wear resistance of CCIMA has been significantly improved. At room temperature, plasma nitriding significantly reduced fatigue damage and oxidative wear, resulting in the wear rate of nitrided CCIMA (1.05 ± 0.36 × 10⁻⁵ mm³/Nm) being only one-fourteenth that of the un-nitrided substrate (1.49 ± 0.06 × 10⁻⁴ mm³/Nm). In addition, although the degree of delamination wear was exacerbated at elevated temperatures, the formation of the protective glaze layers allowed the nitrided CCIMA to maintain better wear resistance at 500 °C and 600 °C, with the wear rate of only 2.28 ± 0.49 × 10⁻⁵ mm³/Nm, and 5.38 ± 0.78 × 10⁻⁵ mm³/Nm, respectively. These findings provide an important theoretical and experimental basis for designing and developing new alloys with enhanced high-temperature wear resistance.

通过等离子体氮化表面处理，提高了化学复合金属间合金（CCIMA）的摩擦学性能。结果表明，渗氮可在合金表面形成TiN、AlN、BN和CrN等复合氮化物。得益于此，CCIMA的耐磨性得到了显著提高。在室温下，等离子体氮化显著降低了CCIMA的疲劳损伤和氧化磨损，导致氮化CCIMA的磨损率（1.05±0.36 × 10−5 mm3/Nm）仅为未氮化CCIMA的磨损率（1.49±0.06 × 10−4 mm3/Nm）的1 / 14。此外，虽然在高温下脱层磨损程度加剧，但保护釉层的形成使氮化CCIMA在500℃和600℃时仍能保持较好的耐磨性，磨损率分别为2.28±0.49 × 10−5 mm3/Nm和5.38±0.78 × 10−5 mm3/Nm。这些发现为设计和开发新型高温耐磨合金提供了重要的理论和实验依据。

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引用次数: 0

Interpretability ML and AI accelerate the computation of fretting wear behaviours and parameter response of corroded copper-magnesium alloy for the prediction model 可解释性ML和AI加速了腐蚀铜镁合金微动磨损行为和参数响应的计算

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.206434

Bin Rong , Bo Li , Si-yuan Ding , Yi Zhou , Yi-juan Tang , Jin-fang Peng , Min-hao Zhu

Copper-magnesium alloy (CuMg0.4 alloy) was selected as the optimal material for pantograph-catenary systems, operating under extreme conditions including heavy rainfall, high winds, fog, and acid rain-induced corrosion. The synergistic effects of friction, wear, and corrosion significantly reduce service life, creating major maintenance challenges. This study investigates how ammonium salt concentration (Ac) in simulated acid rain affects tangential fretting wear and material degradation mechanisms in CuMg0.4 alloy. Experiments quantify frictional responses and wear characteristics under tangential fretting conditions. Machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) models (Random Forest and DeepSeek) predict complex coupling effects, enabling data extrapolation beyond experimental parameters. This research establishes quantitative relationships between Ac and frictional failure mechanisms, providing a cost-effective predictive framework for material optimization.

铜镁合金（CuMg0.4合金）被选为受电弓接触网系统的最佳材料，可以在极端条件下工作，包括强降雨、大风、雾和酸雨引起的腐蚀。摩擦、磨损和腐蚀的协同作用大大降低了使用寿命，给维护带来了重大挑战。研究了模拟酸雨中铵盐浓度（Ac）对CuMg0.4合金切向微动磨损及材料降解机制的影响。实验量化了切向微动条件下的摩擦响应和磨损特性。机器学习（ML）和人工智能（AI）模型（Random Forest和DeepSeek）预测复杂的耦合效应，使数据外推超越实验参数。本研究建立了交流和摩擦失效机制之间的定量关系，为材料优化提供了一个具有成本效益的预测框架。

引用次数: 0

Comparison of material erosion under air and submerged conditions using a high-energy self-excited modulated water jet 用高能自激调制水射流比较空气和水下条件下材料的侵蚀

IF 6.1 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

Wear

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2025.206491

Zdeněk Říha , Michal Zeleňák , Fernando Kevin Miranda , Akash Nag , Alice Chlupová , Jakub Poloprudský , Vladimír Foldyna , Petr Hlaváček , Libor Sitek

This study examines the effect of the frequency of modulated water jet on material erosion in both air and submerged environments. Two prototypes of nozzles with the ability to self-excite flow oscillations, each featuring an identical outlet orifice (1 × 1 mm), were developed to modulate water jets at distinct oscillating frequency levels (from 6 to 45 kHz). Jet oscillation characteristics were predicted via computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and validated experimentally using direct pressure-sensor measurements and indirect optical frequency-monitoring techniques. Optimal standoff distance (SOD) between the selected nozzle and the target surface was found (from 10 to 15 mm). Erosion tests were conducted on pure copper samples in both air and underwater conditions. During erosion testing, flow rates (19 and 24 l/min) and pressures (80 and 140 MPa) were continuously recorded by diagnostic sensors to maintain constant hydraulic power (26 kW and 55 kW). The resulting erosion grooves formed on copper samples under air and submerged conditions by moving the nozzle above the target surface (1 mm/s) were characterized by optical profilometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Quantitative analysis of removed volume, groove geometry, and surface defects was conducted to elucidate the relationship between the frequency of the modulated water jet and erosion performance. The results confirmed that an increase in the frequency of the modulated high-speed water jet significantly enhances erosion efficiency in both tested environments. However, in submerged conditions, a pronounced attenuation of the jet occurs, reflected in a lower volume of material removal. Further details are discussed in the subsequent sections of the manuscript.

本研究考察了在空气和水下环境中调制水射流频率对物质侵蚀的影响。开发了两种具有自激流动振荡能力的喷嘴原型，每个喷嘴都具有相同的出口孔（1 × 1 mm），用于在不同的振荡频率水平（从6到45 kHz）调制水射流。射流振荡特性通过计算流体动力学（CFD）进行预测，并通过直接压力传感器测量和间接光学频率监测技术进行实验验证。选定的喷嘴与目标表面之间的最佳距离（SOD）为10 ~ 15 mm。在空气和水下条件下对纯铜样品进行了腐蚀试验。在侵蚀测试期间，通过诊断传感器连续记录流速（19和24 l/min）和压力（80和140 MPa），以保持恒定的液压功率（26 kW和55 kW）。在空气和浸没条件下，通过将喷嘴移动到目标表面以上（1 mm/s），对铜样品上形成的侵蚀槽进行了光学轮廓术和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）的表征。通过对去除体积、沟槽几何形状和表面缺陷的定量分析，阐明了调制水射流频率与侵蚀性能之间的关系。结果证实，在两种测试环境中，调制高速水射流频率的增加显著提高了冲蚀效率。然而，在水下条件下，射流发生明显的衰减，反映在较低的材料去除量上。进一步的细节将在手稿的后续章节中讨论。

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引用次数: 0