{"title":"Photophysical and nonlinear optical properties of carmine encapsulation compared with ionic solutions and environmental polarity","authors":"Tina Moharer Ahmadi, Soheil Sharifi","doi":"10.1007/s11082-025-08053-y","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The nonlinear absorption coefficient (<i>β</i>) and nonlinear refractive index (<i>n</i><sub>2</sub>) of Carmine Encapsulation (CR-Cap) with H<sub>2</sub>O/n-heptane/AOT solutions were investigated using a <i>z</i>-scan instrument. The transparent solution is made of water droplets containing carmine (CR), which are uniformly located in the continuous phase of n-heptane. The effects of Cetrimonium bromide (CTAB), NaCl, and NaOH on the <i>β</i> and <i>n</i><sub>2</sub> values of CR in aqueous solution are studied and compared with CR-Cap. The values of <i>β</i> and <i>n</i><sub>2</sub> for the CR-Cap have increased by 9 and 4.4 times, respectively, compared to those in its aqueous solution. The absorbance value and Rayleigh scattering (RS) change with environmental properties, while the optical gap is obtained as a constant 2.1 eV. The encapsulated CR has high RS and <i>β</i> values, which is caused by the increased polarizability of the molecule as a result of encapsulation, while aqueous solutions have low RS and <i>β</i> values. With quantum perturbation calculation, it is demonstrated that encapsulation increases the ground state dipole moment of CR compared to the aqueous solution. CR-Cap can be used as a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy or optical devices.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":720,"journal":{"name":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","volume":"57 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3000,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11082-025-08053-y","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The nonlinear absorption coefficient (β) and nonlinear refractive index (n2) of Carmine Encapsulation (CR-Cap) with H2O/n-heptane/AOT solutions were investigated using a z-scan instrument. The transparent solution is made of water droplets containing carmine (CR), which are uniformly located in the continuous phase of n-heptane. The effects of Cetrimonium bromide (CTAB), NaCl, and NaOH on the β and n2 values of CR in aqueous solution are studied and compared with CR-Cap. The values of β and n2 for the CR-Cap have increased by 9 and 4.4 times, respectively, compared to those in its aqueous solution. The absorbance value and Rayleigh scattering (RS) change with environmental properties, while the optical gap is obtained as a constant 2.1 eV. The encapsulated CR has high RS and β values, which is caused by the increased polarizability of the molecule as a result of encapsulation, while aqueous solutions have low RS and β values. With quantum perturbation calculation, it is demonstrated that encapsulation increases the ground state dipole moment of CR compared to the aqueous solution. CR-Cap can be used as a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy or optical devices.
期刊介绍：
Optical and Quantum Electronics provides an international forum for the publication of original research papers, tutorial reviews and letters in such fields as optical physics, optical engineering and optoelectronics. Special issues are published on topics of current interest.
Optical and Quantum Electronics is published monthly. It is concerned with the technology and physics of optical systems, components and devices, i.e., with topics such as: optical fibres; semiconductor lasers and LEDs; light detection and imaging devices; nanophotonics; photonic integration and optoelectronic integrated circuits; silicon photonics; displays; optical communications from devices to systems; materials for photonics (e.g. semiconductors, glasses, graphene); the physics and simulation of optical devices and systems; nanotechnologies in photonics (including engineered nano-structures such as photonic crystals, sub-wavelength photonic structures, metamaterials, and plasmonics); advanced quantum and optoelectronic applications (e.g. quantum computing, memory and communications, quantum sensing and quantum dots); photonic sensors and bio-sensors; Terahertz phenomena; non-linear optics and ultrafast phenomena; green photonics.
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