Harnessing agro-wastes for sustainable nanomaterials: The promise of biofluorescent carbon dots

Abstract

The effective utilization and high-value bioproducts from agro-wastes make sense for a sustainable circular economy for agriculture. The article discusses the promising potential of utilizing agro-wastes to produce high-value bioproducts, particularly focusing on carbon dots (C-dots) derived from such wastes. These C-dots exhibit remarkable fluorescence properties and excellent biocompatibility, making them valuable nanomaterials for various applications. The dual sources of these C-dots: green precursors sourced from both edible and non-edible plant-based materials, and chemical precursors involving acid and non-acid reagents are highlighted. This diversity in precursor materials underscores the versatility and sustainability of C-dot production. Importantly, the synthesis of fluorescent C-dots achieved quickly and directly via hydrothermal carbonization, microwave technique, thermal pyrolysis carbonization, solvothermal technique, and ultrasonic process are review concisely intended for widespread application in fields ranging from bio-imaging to optoelectronic devices. Furthermore, the article discusses the challenges associated with synthesizing high-quality C-dots from agro-residues, indicating ongoing research efforts in this area. Likewise, key energy specific characteristics like optical, photoluminestic, photosimulated electron transfer, catalytic, mechanical, and carcinogenic attributes are discussed. Despite these energy specific characteristics, various energy applications of C-dots, including their potential use in light-emitting diodes, supercapacitors, and photovoltaics are outlined. This highlights the multifaceted nature of C-dots and their contribution to advancing sustainable practices in agriculture while simultaneously addressing energy needs in various sectors. Overall, the article underscores the importance of leveraging agro-wastes for the development of innovative and environmentally friendly bioproducts, contributing to the circular economy in agriculture.