Bioagents and Beyond: Harnessing the Diversity of Nematophagous Microorganisms and Predators for Sustainable Management of Plant–Parasitic Nematodes

Abstract

The scientific interest in using natural methods to control plant diseases and pests is significantly growing. Microorganisms and predators that feed on plant–parasitic nematodes are important in controlling these pests. Many studies show promising results in using these natural enemies to manage nematode populations. Our review identifies the most promising natural enemies for different types of nematodes. We highlight fungi such as Purpureocillium lilacinum, Metacordyceps chlamydosporia, Hirsutella rhossiliensis, Orbilia oligospora and Arthrobotrys spp., and bacteria such as Pasteuria penetrans, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens. These species show strong potential against specific nematode genera such as Meloidogyne, Heterodera, Pratylenchus and Globodera. Despite their effectiveness, several challenges hinder their widespread use. These include a lack of awareness among farmers, difficulties in mass-producing and applying bioagents and limited research on their effectiveness in various environmental conditions. Future research should focus on overcoming these challenges. This includes improving the production and application of bioagents, educating farmers and conducting more field studies to confirm their effectiveness. By addressing these concerns, biological control can become a reliable and sustainable method for managing nematode pests in agriculture.