Densification of ceramics and ceramic-based composites using ultralow temperature sintering (cold sintering): A comprehensive review

Abstract

This article provides a concise overview of cold sintering, a technique for densification of ceramics and ceramic-based composites at ultralow temperatures. It emphasizes the incorporation of various materials including oxides, fluorides, bromides, carbonates, chlorides, and phosphates during the cold sintering process. Cold sintering achieves densification through high-pressure dissolution and precipitation using liquids like water as a medium. For multi-material devices, this ultralow temperature method offers a promising solution for combining materials with diverse thermal properties leading to novel integrated materials. Numerous materials have been effectively integrated at extremely low temperatures achieving properties comparable to those of traditional methods; this review comprehends their perspective on the wet consolidation mechanism.