Salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE): Principle, optimization, and applications in blood sample analysis

IF 3.1 3区医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis Pub Date : 2025-05-15 Epub Date: 2025-01-31 DOI:10.1016/j.jpba.2025.116720

Jean Simon Thodhekes Yao , Yoann Ladner , N.’Cho Christophe Amin , Catherine Perrin

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Abstract

This review focuses on the use of Salting-Out Assisted Liquid-Liquid Extraction (SALLE) for blood sample processing prior analysis, exploring its principles, optimization parameters, and coupling with analytical techniques. SALLE is favored for its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and rapid execution using the salting-out effect to induce phase separation in mixtures of aqueous samples and water-miscible organic solvents. The review categorizes and discusses the different types of blood samples, the main salts and solvents used, and the parameters affecting the extraction efficiency, such as solvent and salt type as well as ionic strength, pH, vortex mixing and centrifugation time. Advantages of SALLE over traditional methods like solid-phase extraction (SPE) and protein precipitation (PP) are highlighted, emphasizing its environmental friendliness, high extraction efficiency, and ease of automation. By examining recent literature and scientific publications (2014–2024), this review provides a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing SALLE performance and its application in bioanalysis, particularly when coupled with separative techniques such as liquid chromatography (LC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), and mass spectrometry (MS).

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盐析辅助液液萃取（SALLE）：原理、优化及在血液样品分析中的应用。

本文综述了盐析辅助液-液萃取法（SALLE）在血液样品处理前分析中的应用，探讨了其原理、优化参数及其与分析技术的耦合。SALLE因其简单，成本效益和快速执行而受到青睐，使用盐析效应在水样品和水混溶有机溶剂的混合物中诱导相分离。本文对不同类型的血液样本、所用的主要盐和溶剂、影响提取效率的溶剂和盐类型、离子强度、pH、涡旋混合和离心时间等参数进行了分类和讨论。SALLE相对于传统的固相萃取（SPE）和蛋白质沉淀（PP）等方法的优势在于其环境友好、萃取效率高、易于自动化。通过查阅最近的文献和科学出版物（2014-2024），本综述全面了解了影响SALLE性能的因素及其在生物分析中的应用，特别是当与液相色谱（LC）、毛细管电泳（CE）和质谱（MS）等分离技术相结合时。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis 医学-分析化学

CiteScore

6.70

自引率

5.90%

发文量

588

审稿时长

37 days

期刊介绍： This journal is an international medium directed towards the needs of academic, clinical, government and industrial analysis by publishing original research reports and critical reviews on pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. It covers the interdisciplinary aspects of analysis in the pharmaceutical, biomedical and clinical sciences, including developments in analytical methodology, instrumentation, computation and interpretation. Submissions on novel applications focusing on drug purity and stability studies, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic monitoring, metabolic profiling; drug-related aspects of analytical biochemistry and forensic toxicology; quality assurance in the pharmaceutical industry are also welcome. Studies from areas of well established and poorly selective methods, such as UV-VIS spectrophotometry (including derivative and multi-wavelength measurements), basic electroanalytical (potentiometric, polarographic and voltammetric) methods, fluorimetry, flow-injection analysis, etc. are accepted for publication in exceptional cases only, if a unique and substantial advantage over presently known systems is demonstrated. The same applies to the assay of simple drug formulations by any kind of methods and the determination of drugs in biological samples based merely on spiked samples. Drug purity/stability studies should contain information on the structure elucidation of the impurities/degradants.