Circular solar economy: PV modules decision-making framework for reuse

Abstract

As global demand for renewable energy continues to rise, managing end-of-life photovoltaic (PV) modules becomes increasingly critical. This study proposes a circular methodology to extend the life cycle of PV modules and address the challenges of PV module waste management. The research evaluated seventy six PV modules from a small, decommissioned photovoltaic system that operated in Brazil for over 20 years, using a comprehensive testing process, including visual inspection, insulation resistance, IV curve, and electroluminescence tests. The study presents the results and establishes criteria for determining the suitability of PV modules for a second life, with a focus on safety and performance. A workflow for decision-making regarding module reuse is developed based on acceptance and rejection criteria. The study shows a 68% reuse rate for the 22-years-old tested modules, highlighting the significance of standardized testing protocols and decision criteria in promoting PV module circularity. Furthermore, it shows that PV modules can outlast the PV manufacturers output power warranty periods. Recommendations for achieving this goal include refining testing protocols, ensuring scalability of criteria application, and considering financial feasibility in second life assessments. Establishing standardized guidelines is crucial for advancing the circular economy principles in the PV module second life sector.