AI-powered MMI fiber sensors for wide-range refractive index detection using neural networks algorithm

IF 2.7 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Optical Fiber Technology Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-01-03 DOI:10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104113

Nurul Farah Adilla Zaidi , Muhammad Yusof Mohd Noor , Nur Najahatul Huda Saris , Mohd Rashidi Salim , Sumiaty Ambran , Azizul Azizan , Raja Kamarulzaman Raja Ibrahim , Fauzan Ahmad , Nurul Ashikin Daud , Norazida Ali , Norizan Mohamed Nawawi , Ian Yulianti , Gang-Ding Peng

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Abstract

This research presents an artificial intelligence (AI)-driven machine learning (ML) approach for accurately measuring refractive index (RI) values across both lower and higher regimes than the fiber material’s RI, using a simple single multimode interference (MMI) fiber sensor. The sensor configuration consists of a no-core fiber (NCF) segment between two single-mode fiber (SMF) sections. A Bilayer Neural Network (BNN) regression model is employed to predict both low refractive index (LRI) and high refractive index (HRI) regimes, achieving a broad dynamic measurement range from 1.3000 RIU to 1.3900 RIU for LRI regime and from 1.4600 RIU to 1.5500 RIU for HRI regime. The model demonstrates 99.7% accuracy and a low root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.0044, ensuring that predicted RI values closely match actual measurements without any RI ambiguity. Furthermore, the all-silica NCF structure is inherently resistant to temperature fluctuations, enabling its deployment in environments with varying temperatures without requiring additional temperature compensation mechanisms.

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人工智能驱动的MMI光纤传感器，采用神经网络算法进行宽范围折射率检测

本研究提出了一种人工智能（AI）驱动的机器学习（ML）方法，用于使用简单的单多模干涉（MMI）光纤传感器，精确测量比光纤材料的RI更低和更高的折射率（RI）值。传感器配置由两个单模光纤（SMF）段之间的无芯光纤（NCF）段组成。采用双层神经网络（BNN）回归模型对低折射率（LRI）和高折射率（HRI）进行预测，实现了低折射率（LRI）的1.3000 ~ 1.3900 RIU和高折射率（HRI）的1.4600 ~ 1.5500 RIU的较宽动态测量范围。该模型具有99.7%的精度和0.0044的低均方根误差（RMSE），确保预测的RI值与实际测量值密切匹配，没有任何RI歧义。此外，全硅NCF结构本身具有抗温度波动的特性，无需额外的温度补偿机制，即可在不同温度的环境中部署。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Optical Fiber Technology 工程技术-电信学

CiteScore

4.80

自引率

11.10%

发文量

327

审稿时长

63 days

期刊介绍： Innovations in optical fiber technology are revolutionizing world communications. Newly developed fiber amplifiers allow for direct transmission of high-speed signals over transcontinental distances without the need for electronic regeneration. Optical fibers find new applications in data processing. The impact of fiber materials, devices, and systems on communications in the coming decades will create an abundance of primary literature and the need for up-to-date reviews. Optical Fiber Technology: Materials, Devices, and Systems is a new cutting-edge journal designed to fill a need in this rapidly evolving field for speedy publication of regular length papers. Both theoretical and experimental papers on fiber materials, devices, and system performance evaluation and measurements are eligible, with emphasis on practical applications.