Optical Fiber Technology最新文献

英文中文

Corrigendum to “Six-dimensional geometrically shaped constellation based on regular hexahedral structure for IM/DD system” [Opt. Fiber Technol. 86 (2024) 103842]

IF 2.6 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104044

Qichao Gong , Jie Ma , Jianfei Liu , Jia Lu , Xiangye Zeng , Mingming Luo

引用次数: 0

Machine learning model based on the time domain regular perturbation-based theory for performance estimation in arbitrary heterogeneous optical links 基于时域正则微扰理论的任意异构光链路性能估计机器学习模型

IF 2.6 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2024-11-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104063

Xiaoyan Ye , Amirhossein Ghazisaeidi

To meet the required high demands for the capacity of optical networks, there are several efforts in recent years to further reduce the system margin. To achieve this goal, a fast and reliable QoT estimation tool is needed. The key module of such QoT tool is the nonlinear interference variance estimation. This paper presents a novel machine learning tool to speed up the exact model by six orders of magnitude without scarifying the accuracy and the scalability of this semi-analytical model. Moreover, to further enhance the scalability of the model, we used the cross-correlation functions to re-write the equations. The proposed ML-based framework KerrNet, based on a bank of small ANNs, can handle any arbitrary heterogeneous link up to ten thousand km composed of different fiber span. The transmitting C-band WDM channels in both fully loaded and sparsely occupied configurations are evaluated. The crucial steps for the machine learning algorithm to converge, which are the data preparation and the choice of training data, are presented in detail.

为了满足对光网络容量的高要求，近年来人们在进一步减小系统余量方面做出了一些努力。为了实现这一目标，需要一个快速可靠的QoT估计工具。该QoT工具的关键模块是非线性干扰方差估计。本文提出了一种新的机器学习工具，在不影响半解析模型的精度和可扩展性的情况下，将精确模型的速度提高了6个数量级。此外，为了进一步增强模型的可扩展性，我们使用互相关函数重新编写了方程。提出的基于机器学习的框架KerrNet，基于一组小型人工神经网络，可以处理由不同光纤跨度组成的任意异构链路，最长可达1万公里。对c波段波分复用信道在满负载和稀疏占用两种配置下的发射性能进行了评估。详细介绍了机器学习算法收敛的关键步骤，即数据准备和训练数据的选择。

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引用次数: 0

Spectral peak filtering using nonlinear polarization interferometer based on polarization maintaining fiber 基于保偏光纤的非线性偏振干涉仪谱峰滤波

IF 2.6 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2024-11-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104079

Naoki Sakata, Shotaro Kitajima, Norihiko Nishizawa

Periodical spectral peaking is an attractive phenomenon for selecting optical frequency comb modes for highly sensitive comb spectroscopy. Here we proposed and demonstrated a spectral peak filtering technique using a nonlinear polarization interferometer (NPI). When we introduce an ultrashort pulse suffering from sharp absorption or phase modulation into the NPI, the ultrashort pulse and spectral peaks emerge from different output ports as a result of interference and the difference in nonlinear phase shift. The characteristics were examined both experimentally and numerically. Spectral peaks with a high signal-to-background ratio of 20 dB were obtained experimentally. The experimental results were almost in agreement with the numerical ones. The system consists of polarization-maintaining fiber devices and shows long-term stable operation. In principle, the proposed technique is applicable to any wavelength range and is useful for spectroscopic applications.

周期谱峰是高灵敏度梳状光谱中选择光频梳模式的一个有吸引力的现象。在这里，我们提出并演示了一种使用非线性偏振干涉仪（NPI）的光谱峰值滤波技术。当我们在NPI中引入经过锐吸收或相位调制的超短脉冲时，由于干扰和非线性相移的差异，超短脉冲和光谱峰出现在不同的输出端口。对这些特性进行了实验和数值分析。实验得到了高信本比达20 dB的谱峰。实验结果与数值计算结果基本一致。该系统由保偏光纤器件组成，长期稳定运行。原则上，所提出的技术适用于任何波长范围，对光谱学应用是有用的。

引用次数: 0

Quick fabrication method of a thermally expanded core in polarization-maintaining fibers using CO2 laser and fiber rotation 利用CO2激光和光纤旋转快速制备保偏光纤热膨胀芯的方法

IF 2.6 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2024-11-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104055

Agnieszka Jamrozik , Mateusz Pielach , Bartosz Fabjanowicz, Katarzyna Krupa, Yuriy Stepanenko

Maximizing the transmission of high-peak-power ultrashort pulses through joints between polarization-maintaining optical fibers with different mode field diameters is crucial for improving the efficiency of all-fiber laser systems. Here, we propose a method of fabricating a thermally expanded core by using a CO

_{2}

laser as a heating source that does not require a priori splicing of fibers. Unlike standard methods utilizing continuous heating of the fiber, usually on the time scale of minutes, we present the pulsed approach, which can reduce the duration of the whole process to below 30 s. Via fiber rotation, we tailor our method to polarization-maintaining optical fibers. Furthermore, we apply the thermally expanded core method to manufacturing mode field adapters between commercially available polarization-maintaining optical fibers. Exemplary splices reveal an increase in transmission of 30 %, enabling insertion losses lower than 0.4 dB. The presented methods of fabricating a thermally expanded core and mode field adapters show high potential for large-volume production, especially for high-power applications, as the splices can withstand peak powers as high as 50 kW.

在不同模场直径的保偏光纤之间的连接处最大限度地传输峰值功率超短脉冲是提高全光纤激光系统效率的关键。在这里，我们提出了一种利用CO2激光作为热源制造热膨胀芯的方法，这种方法不需要先验地拼接纤维。不同于使用连续加热光纤的标准方法，通常在几分钟的时间尺度上，我们提出了脉冲方法，它可以将整个过程的持续时间缩短到30秒以下。通过光纤旋转，我们将我们的方法定制为保偏光纤。此外，我们将热膨胀芯方法应用于制造市售保偏光纤之间的模式场适配器。示例拼接显示传输增加30%，使插入损耗低于0.4 dB。所提出的制造热膨胀芯线和模式场适配器的方法显示出大规模生产的巨大潜力，特别是在高功率应用中，因为接头可以承受高达50 kW的峰值功率。

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引用次数: 0

A comparison between black-, gray- and white-box modeling for the bidirectional Raman amplifier optimization 双向拉曼放大器优化的黑盒、灰盒和白盒建模比较

IF 2.6 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2024-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104060

Metodi P. Yankov , Mehran Soltani , Andrea Carena , Darko Zibar , Francesco Da Ros

Designing and optimizing optical amplifiers to maximize system performance is becoming increasingly important as optical communication systems strive to increase throughput. Offline optimization of optical amplifiers relies on models ranging from white-box models deeply rooted in physics to black-box data-driven and physics-agnostic models. Here, we compare the capabilities of white-, gray- and black-box models on the challenging test case of optimizing a bidirectional distributed Raman amplifier to achieve a target frequency-distance signal power profile. We show that any of the studied methods can achieve similar frequency and distance flatness of between 1 and 3.6 dB (depending on the definition of flatness) over the C-band in an 80-km span. Then, we discuss the models’ applicability, advantages, and drawbacks based on the target application scenario, in particular in terms of flexibility, optimization speed, and access to training data.

随着光通信系统努力提高吞吐量，设计和优化光放大器以最大化系统性能变得越来越重要。光放大器的离线优化依赖于各种模型，从扎根于物理学的白盒模型到数据驱动的黑盒模型和物理不可知模型。在此，我们比较了白盒、灰盒和黑盒模型在优化双向分布式拉曼放大器以实现目标频率-距离信号功率分布的挑战性测试用例中的能力。我们的研究表明，在80公里的跨度内，任何一种研究方法都可以在c波段上获得1到3.6 dB（取决于平坦度的定义）的相似频率和距离平坦度。然后，我们根据目标应用场景讨论了模型的适用性、优缺点，特别是在灵活性、优化速度和对训练数据的访问方面。

引用次数: 0

Load adaptive multi-threshold scheduling to concurrently improvise transmission time and wait time performance of C-RAN 负载自适应多阈值调度可同时改善C-RAN的传输时间和等待时间性能

IF 2.6 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2024-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104065

Prasanna Dubey , Raksha Upadhyay , Uma Rathore Bhatt , Vijay Bhat

Low-latency requirements of 5G networks are one of the fundamental needs to support delay-sensitive applications. Uplink scheduling mechanism at wired midhaul of Centralized Radio Access Network (C-RAN) architecture significantly affects the transmission speed and delay performance of the network. Inadequate performance of conventional scheduling algorithms necessitates improvements to attain these requirements. In this paper, load adaptive scheduling with single threshold (LAS-ST) and load adaptive scheduling with multi-threshold (LAS-MT) algorithms on C-RAN architecture are proposed to reduce transmission time and wait time parameters concurrently. The proposed algorithms have been compared with two conventional scheduling algorithms, multi-scheduling domain (MSD) & single scheduling domain (SSD) and applied at fronthaul and midhaul of C-RAN for its comprehensive analysis. MSD and SSD are widely used in Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON) architectures. The results confirm that the proposed multi-threshold scheduling algorithm performs best in meeting the objectives of the study compared to the existing scheduling algorithms in terms of transmission time and wait time by adapting to conditions. Further, resource utilization and resource availability are observed for several transmission cycles (TCs). In addition, data load variation and variation in number of available resources is analysed and its effect on transmission time and wait time is studied.

5G网络的低延迟要求是支持延迟敏感应用的基本需求之一。集中式无线接入网（C-RAN）有线中程上行调度机制对网络的传输速度和时延性能有重要影响。传统调度算法的性能不足，需要改进以达到这些要求。为了同时减少传输时间和等待时间参数，提出了基于C-RAN架构的单阈值负载自适应调度算法（LAS-ST）和多阈值负载自适应调度算法（LAS-MT）。将所提算法与两种传统调度算法多调度域（MSD）和多调度域（amp）进行了比较。单调度域（SSD），并将其应用于C-RAN的前传和中传，对其进行综合分析。MSD和SSD在以太网无源光网络（EPON）体系结构中得到了广泛的应用。结果表明，与现有调度算法相比，本文提出的多阈值调度算法在传输时间和等待时间方面具有较好的适应性，能够更好地满足研究目标。此外，还观察了几个传输周期（tc）的资源利用率和资源可用性。分析了数据负载变化和可用资源数量变化对传输时间和等待时间的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Development of FBG-based road ice thickness monitoring sensor and its application on the traffic road 基于fbg的道路冰厚监测传感器的研制及其在交通道路上的应用

IF 2.6 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2024-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104070

Zhe Zhang, Zhilong Zhou, Jianping He

To real-time monitoring of the thickness of the ice layer on the road surface and enhance the safety of traffic operation, based on the fiber grating wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology, this paper develops a kind of monitoring sensor for the thickness of the ice layer by pasting multiple fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) on one equal-strength beam, and constructs an experiment on the measurement of the thickness of ice layer to explore the sensor’s validity. Finally, the developed sensor was installed on the sidewalk of one traffic road to monitor the ice layer thickness of the road in real time. The experimental and field test results show that the sensor can effectively measure the thickness of ice layer, and the measurement accuracy is related to the FBG spacing on the equal-strength beam in the sensor.

为了实时监测路面冰雪厚度，提高交通运行的安全性，本文基于光纤光栅波分复用（WDM）技术，通过在一根等强度梁上粘贴多个光纤布拉格光栅（FBG），研制了一种冰雪厚度监测传感器，并构建了冰雪厚度测量实验，探讨了该传感器的有效性。最后，将所研制的传感器安装在一条交通道路的人行道上，实时监测道路的冰层厚度。实验和现场测试结果表明，该传感器能有效测量冰层厚度，测量精度与传感器内等强度梁上的FBG间距有关。

引用次数: 0

Full-range displacement sensor with dual FBGs combined cantilever beam based on magnetic grating 基于磁光栅的双fbg组合悬臂梁全量程位移传感器

IF 2.6 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2024-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104061

Jianxin Liu , Lidan Lu , Chunhua An , Guang Chen , Weiqiang Chen , Daping Chu , Lianqing Zhu

We propose a full-range displacement sensor system based on double fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) with a cantilever beam. This sensor adopts a magnetic scale as a unique transmission mechanism. By combining a simple and low-cost cantilever beam structure makes the sensing probe very easy to realize. The optimal magnetic gap was explored through multiple sets of numerical simulations. The experiment proved the sine relationship between the center wavelength shifts of FBGs and the linear displacement, proving the feasibility of this method. Results indicate that the amplitude of the tensile compression load of FBGs are 169.76 με and 296.12 με. The fitting linearity based on sinusoidal function at an air gap of 3.5 mm is 0.9663 and 0.9566. The direction of motion can be determined by the phase difference between two FBGs. Moreover, the difference of double FBGs can realize the effect of temperature compensation. Thus, this sensor can achieve non-contact, temperature-independent, and full-range measurements. It can also be exploited to measure other parameters such as angular velocity, acceleration, and magnetic field strength.

提出了一种基于双光纤Bragg光栅悬臂梁的全量程位移传感器系统。该传感器采用磁性刻度作为独特的传动机构。通过结合简单、低成本的悬臂梁结构，使得传感探头非常容易实现。通过多组数值模拟，探索了最优磁隙。实验证明了光纤光栅中心波长位移与线性位移之间的正弦关系，证明了该方法的可行性。结果表明：fbg的拉伸压缩载荷幅值分别为169.76 με和296.12 με；在3.5 mm气隙处，基于正弦函数的拟合线性度分别为0.9663和0.9566。运动方向可以由两个fbg之间的相位差来确定。此外，双fbg的差异可以实现温度补偿的效果。因此，该传感器可以实现非接触、温度无关和全范围测量。它还可以用来测量其他参数，如角速度、加速度和磁场强度。

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引用次数: 0

Detection of low-power RF signals using active mode-locking based coupled optoelectronic oscillator 利用基于有源模式锁定的耦合光电振荡器检测低功率射频信号

IF 2.6 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2024-11-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104040

Deqi Li , Jiahui Zou , Tiantong Zhao , Qianpu Zhao , Baoqun Li , Shutong Liu , Hongbo Lou , Junda Chen , Tianshu Wang

A novel method to detect and amplify broadband low power radio frequency (RF) signal with high gain based on coupled optoelectronic oscillator (COEO) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. When the frequency of the weak signal matches the COEO oscillation mode, it can obtain the high gain of active mode-locking in the COEO optical loop. The system can selectively detect and amplify RF signals from 1 to 10 GHz by observing the optical pulse repetition rate state. The experimental results show that sensitivity of detection as low as −89 dBm with a maximum gain of 34.32 dB at 1.002 GHz, and an average gain of 30.52 dB for low power RF signals. The real application of the method for detecting low power Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation is investigated and the spectral waveforms is discussed.

本文提出了一种基于耦合光电振荡器（COEO）的高增益检测和放大宽带低功率射频（RF）信号的新方法，并进行了实验演示。当微弱信号的频率与 COEO 振荡模式相匹配时，可在 COEO 光环中获得主动锁模的高增益。该系统可通过观察光脉冲重复率状态，选择性地检测和放大 1 至 10 GHz 的射频信号。实验结果表明，检测灵敏度低至 -89 dBm，在 1.002 GHz 时的最大增益为 34.32 dB，低功率射频信号的平均增益为 30.52 dB。研究了该方法在检测低功率正交相移键控（QPSK）调制中的实际应用，并讨论了频谱波形。

引用次数: 0

Invited paper: Network digital twins for optical networks 特邀论文：光网络的网络数字双胞胎

IF 2.6 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2024-11-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104068

Christopher Janz , Yuren You , Mahdi Hemmati , Abbas Javadtalab , Zhiping Jiang , Hao Li , Feng Haoyu

Network Digital Twins (NDTs) are recognized as important components of network operations automation systems. As analytical utilities within such systems, NDTs provide data-driven information that is useful in many operations optimization applications. The nature and role of NDTs, as well as their generic use cases, are discussed in detail, reflecting contemporary industry work and understanding. The specific nature of NDTs for optical transmission networks – optical NDTs – as well as their specific use cases of interest, are reviewed. Optical NDT function, architecture and constituent models are discussed, largely through the lens of a particular – now product – implementation, with reference to alternatives and other industry sources. Performance, function and utility are validated and demonstrated, including operational use of available applications directly supported by an optical NDT. Continuing areas of research interest and industry work are commented.

网络数字双胞胎（NDT）是公认的网络运营自动化系统的重要组成部分。作为此类系统中的分析工具，NDT 可提供数据驱动信息，在许多运营优化应用中非常有用。本文详细讨论了无损检测的性质和作用，以及它们的一般用例，反映了当代业界的工作和认识。此外，还回顾了光传输网络无损检测的特殊性质--光学无损检测--及其相关的具体用例。讨论了光学无损检测的功能、结构和组成模型，主要是通过一个特定的--现在的产品--实施的视角，并参考了替代方案和其他行业资料。对性能、功能和实用性进行了验证和演示，包括光学无损检测直接支持的现有应用的操作使用。此外，还对研究兴趣和行业工作的持续领域进行了评论。

引用次数: 0

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Optical Fiber Technology

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