Optical Fiber Technology最新文献

英文中文

Fiber laser system for Rb atomic fountain clock 用于铷原子喷泉钟的光纤激光系统

IF 2.6 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104043

Yang Bai , Jun Ruan , Hui Zhang , Dan-dan Liu , Si-Chen Fan , Xin-Liang Wang , Yong Guan , Jun-Ru Shi , Shou-gang Zhang

A compact and robust all-fiber laser system comprising fiber-optical components for a Rb atomic fountain clock is demonstrated. The laser sources were based on the frequency doubling of two seed lasers at a wavelength of 1560 nm, which were locked using digital frequency locking and modulation transfer spectroscopy. During the Sisyphus cooling period, the PZT control voltage of the fiber laser was ramped to detune the laser frequency to 170 MHz, and we get an atomic temperature of 1.9 □K. A series of customized optical fiber splitters, acousto-optic modulators (AOMs), and shutters were integrated into two 2U enclosures as cooling and repumping light modules. The entire laser system was integrated into a 22U cabinet and was characterized via polarization, power, and frequency stability measurements over 100 days. Apply the laser system to the Rb atomic fountain clock, which exhibited a frequency stability of less than 4.5 × 10^-16 at the interval of 24 h.

展示了一个由用于掺镱原子喷泉钟的光纤组件组成的紧凑而坚固的全光纤激光系统。激光源是基于两个波长为 1560 nm 的种子激光器的倍频，并使用数字频率锁定和调制转移光谱法进行锁定。在西西弗斯冷却期间，对光纤激光器的 PZT 控制电压进行斜坡调节，使激光频率失谐到 170 MHz，从而得到 1.9 □K 的原子温度。一系列定制的光纤分路器、声光调制器（AOM）和快门被集成到两个 2U 机柜中，作为冷却和再泵浦光模块。整个激光系统集成在一个 22U 机柜中，并通过偏振、功率和频率稳定性测量进行了 100 天的鉴定。将激光系统应用于掺镱原子喷泉钟，该钟在 24 小时间隔内的频率稳定性小于 4.5 × 10-16。

引用次数: 0

A crosstalk-consideration spectrum assignment algorithm in SDM-EONs based on exact multi-flow strategy 基于精确多流策略的 SDM-EON 中考虑串扰的频谱分配算法

IF 2.6 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104015

Junling Yuan , Xuyang Hao , Xuhong Li , Qikun Zhang , Zixuan Wu

One of the core challenges of space-division-multiplexed elastic optical networks (SDM-EONs), as a cutting-edge technology for future optical backbone networks, lies in efficiently dealing with the complexities of routing, modulation, spectrum and core allocation (RMSCA). In this framework, spectrum fragmentation and inter-core crosstalk become the key constraints on network performance. In this paper, we innovatively propose a crosstalk representation and design dynamic spectrum fragmentation optimization and accurate combinatorial shunt optimization algorithms. These algorithms effectively mitigate the spectrum fragmentation problem by intelligently integrating the abandoned spectrum fragments in the network. Simulation verification shows that the two algorithms proposed in this paper exhibit significant advantages in significantly reducing the bandwidth blocking probability.

空间分复用弹性光网络（SDM-EON）是未来光骨干网的尖端技术，其核心挑战之一在于如何有效处理路由、调制、频谱和核心分配（RMSCA）等复杂问题。在此框架下，频谱碎片和内核间串扰成为网络性能的关键制约因素。本文创新性地提出了串扰表示法，并设计了动态频谱碎片优化和精确组合分流优化算法。这些算法通过智能整合网络中被遗弃的频谱碎片，有效缓解了频谱碎片问题。仿真验证表明，本文提出的两种算法在显著降低带宽阻塞概率方面具有明显优势。

引用次数: 0

Learning to estimate phases from single local patterns for coherent beam combination 学习从相干光束组合的单个局部模式中估计相位

IF 2.6 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104031

Haoyu Liu , Kun Jin , Jun Li , Jian Wu , Yanxing Ma , Rongtao Su , Jinyong Leng , Pu Zhou

We developed an advanced active phase control method for coherent beam combining using a lightweight residual neural network architecture (ResNet18), based on single local intensity patterns at non-focal plane. By estimating the phases only from a localized intensity image patch, the camera frame rate can be significantly improved, thereby ensuring more robust phase locking against larger-scale noise. Simulated experiments demonstrated that our technique achieves effective phase locking for coherent beam combination across scales of 19, 37, and 61 channels.

我们利用轻量级残差神经网络架构（ResNet18），基于非焦平面的单个局部强度模式，为相干光束组合开发了一种先进的主动相位控制方法。通过仅从局部强度图像片段估算相位，可显著提高相机帧频，从而确保更稳健的相位锁定，抵御更大规模的噪声。模拟实验表明，我们的技术能在 19、37 和 61 个通道的范围内为相干光束组合实现有效的相位锁定。

引用次数: 0

Temperature variation mechanism and error suppression of key parameters of phase modulator in fiber optic current sensing system 光纤电流传感系统中相位调制器关键参数的温度变化机理与误差抑制

IF 2.6 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104034

Fubin Pang , Xianghong Gu , Xing Deng , Yingxin Chen , Shaoyi Xu

This paper focuses on the temperature reliability of phase modulators and their impact on the error of sensing systems by conducting a study on the temperature variation mechanism of key parameters and error suppression methods for phase modulators. Initially, a model correlating half-wave voltage with temperature was established and the source of polarization crosstalk was analyzed. Subsequently, tests were conducted on the half-wave voltage and polarization crosstalk of phase modulators at various temperatures to determine the relationship between temperature and these critical parameters. Then, a simulation analysis was performed to assess the impact of half-wave voltage variation and polarization crosstalk on the sensing system, revealing the pattern of system error changes. Finally, research on error suppression due to half-wave voltage changes and polarization crosstalk was carried out. A temperature variation error compensation method based on radial basis function neural networks (RBFNN) was proposed and experimentally verified. The sensor temperature, half-wave voltage, and polarization crosstalk were taken as neural network inputs, with system error as the output. The results indicate that the error in the sensing system during temperature cycling from −30 °C to + 70 °C is less than 0.04 %, which meets the 0.2 class requirements for current sensors as stipulated by national standards. This provides a reference for the application of phase modulators in fiber optic sensing and other network communication systems.

本文通过研究相位调制器关键参数的温度变化机理和误差抑制方法，重点探讨相位调制器的温度可靠性及其对传感系统误差的影响。首先，建立了半波电压与温度的相关模型，并分析了极化串扰的来源。随后，对相位调制器在不同温度下的半波电压和极化串扰进行了测试，以确定温度与这些关键参数之间的关系。然后，进行模拟分析，评估半波电压变化和极化串扰对传感系统的影响，揭示系统误差的变化规律。最后，对半波电压变化和极化串扰引起的误差抑制进行了研究。提出了一种基于径向基函数神经网络（RBFNN）的温度变化误差补偿方法，并进行了实验验证。传感器温度、半波电压和极化串扰作为神经网络的输入，系统误差作为输出。结果表明，在 -30 °C 至 + 70 °C 的温度循环过程中，传感系统的误差小于 0.04 %，符合国家标准对电流传感器 0.2 级的要求。这为相位调制器在光纤传感和其他网络通信系统中的应用提供了参考。

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引用次数: 0

Light spot mapping algorithm for optical fiber based on Siamese network 基于连体网络的光纤光斑映射算法

IF 2.6 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104030

Yingfu Wang , Jiahao Zhou , Rongfeng Chen , Jiacheng Xie , Kai Yun , Hongzhuan Hu , Jianping Wang , Zhigang Liu , Jiaru Chu , Yong Zhang , Haotong Zhang , Zengxiang Zhou

The integration of multiple optical fibers for directing starlight into telescope spectrographs is pivotal for spectral analysis in expansive multitarget spectroscopic surveys. Exceptional fiber positioning accuracy is needed for the attainment of high precision in stellar spectral acquisition. Current leading optical fiber positioning solutions often utilize back-illumination illuminating fibers and rely on photogrammetry systems to provide precise position feedback in a closed-loop configuration. While these photogrammetry-based methods are effective, they capture images lacking features essential for differentiating between the fiber positioner (FP) and individual light spots; this especially applies to the differentiation between the fiducial fiber positioner (FFP) and scientific fiber positioner (SFP) against a uniformly dark background. In this study, a one-dimensional convolutional neural network is used as a feature extractor to analyze the back-illuminated light spot images and FP operation data for the development a Siamese network model. By comparing the feature similarities between the back-illuminated light spot images and the operational target data within the Siamese network, a reliable mapping is established between each light spot and its corresponding FP. When applied to Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopy Telescope (LAMOST) observations, this methodology overcomes the pivotal challenges of mapping FFP light spots affected by focal plane rotation. This method further achieves complete mapping of SFP light spots in a heavily cluttered environment of scientific fibers. Our approach provides an important reference for fiber light spot mapping methodologies in prospective multitarget spectroscopic survey instruments.

集成多根光纤将星光导入望远镜摄谱仪是进行大规模多目标光谱测量中光谱分析的关键。要实现高精度的恒星光谱采集，就需要出色的光纤定位精度。目前领先的光纤定位解决方案通常采用背照式照明光纤，并依靠摄影测量系统在闭环配置中提供精确的位置反馈。虽然这些基于摄影测量的方法很有效，但它们捕获的图像缺乏区分光纤定位器（FP）和单个光点的基本特征；这尤其适用于在均匀暗背景下区分靶标光纤定位器（FFP）和科学光纤定位器（SFP）。本研究使用一维卷积神经网络作为特征提取器，分析背照式光斑图像和 FP 操作数据，以建立连体网络模型。通过比较连体网络中背照式光斑图像与运行目标数据之间的特征相似性，在每个光斑与其对应的 FP 之间建立了可靠的映射关系。当应用于大天区多目标光纤光谱望远镜（LAMOST）观测时，该方法克服了受焦平面旋转影响的FFP光斑映射的关键挑战。该方法还进一步实现了在科学光纤严重杂乱的环境中完整绘制 SFP 光斑。我们的方法为未来多目标光谱巡天仪器的光纤光斑测绘方法提供了重要参考。

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引用次数: 0

Bolt axial force monitoring based on fiber grating technology 基于光纤光栅技术的螺栓轴向力监测系统

IF 2.6 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104038

Xing Fu , Tianhao Liu , Tuo Zhang , Jiankang Song

Optical fiber sensors are widely used in long-term monitoring in complex environments due to their advantages of anti-electromagnetic interference, high temperature resistance and corrosion resistance. In view of the challenge of supporting structure stability brought by deep mining, the traditional electric measuring bolt system has the disadvantages of electromagnetic interference and complex installation, and more reliable monitoring technology is urgently needed. In this paper, a mine-used fiber Bragg grating anchor sensor technology is proposed. The Bragg grating chain is connected and embedded into the anchor rod, which solves the problems that the surface-mounted grating anchor rod cannot be reused and is easily affected by the environment, and has the ability to monitor the stress state of the anchor rod in real time and for a long time. Through the monitoring of the axial force of the end anchor and the full anchor bolt in the 12,511 working face of Bulianta Coal Mine, it is found that the average axial force of the end anchor body is 77.24 kN, and the full anchor is 67.90 kN. The axial force of the end anchor bolt is 1.14 times that of the full anchor bolt. For broken coal, the full anchor bolt shows higher reliability, which provides reference value for mine support design.

光纤传感器因其抗电磁干扰、耐高温、耐腐蚀等优点，被广泛应用于复杂环境下的长期监测。针对深部开采对支护结构稳定性带来的挑战，传统的电动测量螺栓系统存在电磁干扰大、安装复杂等缺点，迫切需要更可靠的监测技术。本文提出了一种矿用光纤布拉格光栅锚杆传感器技术。将布拉格光栅链连接并嵌入锚杆中，解决了表面安装光栅锚杆不能重复使用、易受环境影响等问题，具有实时、长时间监测锚杆受力状态的能力。通过对布连塔煤矿12511工作面端头锚杆和全锚螺栓的轴向力监测发现，端头锚杆本体的平均轴向力为77.24 kN，全锚螺栓的平均轴向力为67.90 kN。端头锚杆的轴向力是全锚杆的 1.14 倍。对于破碎的煤炭，全锚栓显示出更高的可靠性，为矿井支护设计提供了参考价值。

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引用次数: 0

Refractive index sensor based on the natural roughness of a directly fabricated D-shape fiber for biological and environmental monitoring purposes 基于直接制造的 D 形光纤自然粗糙度的折射率传感器，用于生物和环境监测目的

IF 2.6 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2024-11-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104036

Sarah Pulikottil Alex , Rafal Kasztelanic , Grzegorz Stepniewski , Andrius Baltuška , Ryszard Buczynski , Ignác Bugár

We present a novel fiber optics sensor approach using an intentionally designed silica fiber that requires no additional processing after fabrication. The fiber, drawn from a D-shaped preform, maintains a D-shape cross-section along its entire length, ensuring high uniformity of geometrical parameters such as core diameter and the flattened surface distance from the core. The primary advantage of our approach is its unique ability to sense analytes at arbitrary distances from the fiber end and at any interaction length using the evanescent wave effect. We demonstrate the sensing performance by exposing a short fiber section (4 cm) to a liquid analyte in its pure form without using any signal-enhancing interlayer. Importantly, the output signal remains unchanged when water is applied as the medium, while exposure to an alcoholic medium significantly increases transmission. We further analyze the refractive index sensitivity of the technique by varying the water-isopropyl alcohol mixture ratio at a 1030 nm wavelength in a few-mode propagation regime. The results, interpreted in terms of the elimination of Rayleigh scattering losses of the higher-order modes by index matching between the fiber and the sensing medium, underscore the potential of our approach for water contamination sensing in both biological and environmental applications with distributed sensing capability, thereby addressing a critical need in the field.

我们提出了一种新颖的光纤传感器方法，它使用了一种有意设计的二氧化硅光纤，制造后无需额外加工。这种光纤由 D 型预型件拉制而成，在整个长度上保持 D 型横截面，确保了纤芯直径和扁平表面与纤芯距离等几何参数的高度一致性。我们的方法的主要优势在于其独特的能力，能够利用蒸发波效应在距离光纤末端任意距离和任意相互作用长度上感应分析物。我们在不使用任何信号增强夹层的情况下，将一段较短的光纤（4 厘米）暴露在纯液态分析物中，展示了这种传感性能。重要的是，当以水作为介质时，输出信号保持不变，而暴露在酒精介质中则会显著增加传输。我们进一步分析了该技术的折射率敏感性，方法是在少数模式传播机制下，在 1030 纳米波长处改变水和异丙醇的混合比例。通过光纤和传感介质之间的折射率匹配消除了高阶模式的瑞利散射损耗，这些结果强调了我们的方法在具有分布式传感能力的生物和环境应用中进行水污染传感的潜力，从而满足了这一领域的关键需求。

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引用次数: 0

Iterative model for CW fiber lasers 连续波光纤激光器的迭代模型

IF 2.6 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104029

A.S. Yasukevich, V.E. Kisel, A.I. Lazarchuk

A new iterative numerical model of continuous wave fiber lasers doped with rare-earth ions is proposed. The main advantage of this model is its stability to the choice of initial values of the generated power at the fiber boundaries. The algorithm for solving the system of rate equations is discussed in detail. Simulation results of double-clad fiber lasers obtained using the proposed model are compared with those reported in the literature. The output characteristics of single-mode fiber lasers were modeled and compared with experimentally obtained data.

本文提出了一种新的掺稀土离子连续波光纤激光器迭代数值模型。该模型的主要优势在于其对光纤边界生成功率初始值选择的稳定性。详细讨论了求解速率方程组的算法。使用提出的模型获得的双包层光纤激光器仿真结果与文献报道的结果进行了比较。对单模光纤激光器的输出特性进行了建模，并与实验数据进行了比较。

引用次数: 0

Bismuth telluride as a passive Q-switcher for neodymium-doped fiber laser 碲化铋作为掺钕光纤激光器的无源 Q 开关

IF 2.6 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104042

A.H.A. Rosol , A.A.A. Jafry , N.F. Zulkipli , F.S.M. Samsamnun , S.W. Harun , A. Hamzah

The scene of fiber laser has progressed very rapidly with the demonstration of various materials as saturable absorbers in a near- and mid-infrared laser cavity. However, the researchers focused on erbium-, ytterbium-, and thulium-doped fiber as a gain medium. Here, we proposed a neodymium-doped fiber laser setup to generate a Q-switched laser in a 1-μm regime. The laser utilized bismuth telluride, a topological insulator as a Q-switcher for pulse generation. With a linear absorption of approximately 5 dB at 1089 nm, this SA can generate a stable Q-switched laser in a neodymium-doped fiber laser cavity. It generates a stable Q-switched laser at 1089 nm when the pump intensity is adjusted between 167 and 190 mW. The pulsed laser owns the shortest pulse width of 6.48 μs with a maximum repetition rate of 40 kHz. The stability of the laser is promising since it has a signal-to-noise ratio of 40 dB. In the authors’ knowledge, this is the first demonstration of bismuth telluride as a saturable absorber in an all-fiberized neodymium-doped fiber laser cavity.

随着各种材料作为可饱和吸收体在近红外和中红外激光腔中的应用得到证实，光纤激光的研究进展非常迅速。不过，研究人员主要将掺铒、掺镱和掺铥光纤作为增益介质。在这里，我们提出了一种掺钕光纤激光器装置，用于产生 1-μm 波段的 Q 开关激光器。该激光器利用拓扑绝缘体碲化铋作为脉冲产生的 Q 开关。这种 SA 在 1089 nm 波长处的线性吸收约为 5 dB，可以在掺钕光纤激光腔中产生稳定的 Q 开关激光。当泵浦强度在 167 至 190 mW 之间调节时，它能产生波长为 1089 nm 的稳定 Q 开关激光。脉冲激光的最短脉宽为 6.48 μs，最大重复频率为 40 kHz。该激光器的信噪比为 40 dB，因此稳定性很好。据作者所知，这是首次在全光纤化掺钕光纤激光器腔中使用碲化铋作为可饱和吸收体。

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引用次数: 0

Elucidating microbubble structure behavior with a Shapley Additive Explanations neural network algorithm 利用夏普利加法解释神经网络算法阐明微气泡结构行为

IF 2.6 3区计算机科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Optical Fiber Technology

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2024.104018

QingXia Zhuo , LinFei Zhang , Lei Wang , QinKai Liu , Sen Zhang , Guanjun Wang , Chenyang Xue

Silica microresonators (microbubbles) are considered excellent candidates due to the realization of ultrahigh quality factors in whispering gallery mode resonators (WGMs), which can confine significant optical powers in small spaces. The challenge in the optimal design of microbubbles is to calculate their unique properties and enhance their capabilities as devices by understanding their physical mechanisms. Machine learning (ML) strategies have been employed for microbubble design. However, these approaches are often considered ‘black boxes’ due to the model’s lack of explanations for their predictions. This study introduces a feedforward neural network (FFNN) model that accurately forecasts the optical properties of microbubbles. Utilizing the SHAP (Shapley Additive Explanations) method, an analytical tool offering explanations, we delineate the precise impact of microbubble geometric parameters on the predictions of FFNN model and pinpoint the critical factors influencing their optical properties. By employing reverse engineering, we can deduce the geometric parameters of microbubbles from desired outcomes, thus providing an approach to the optimal design of these structures. This research not only equips us with a powerful instrument for a nuanced comprehension of microbubble structures and performance optimization but also paves new avenues for exploration in the realms of optics and photonics.

二氧化硅微谐振器（微气泡）被认为是极佳的候选器件，因为它可以在耳语画廊模式谐振器（WGMs）中实现超高品质因数，在狭小的空间中限制巨大的光功率。微气泡优化设计所面临的挑战是计算微气泡的独特性质，并通过了解其物理机制来增强其作为器件的能力。微气泡设计已经采用了机器学习（ML）策略。然而，由于模型缺乏对其预测的解释，这些方法通常被视为 "黑箱"。本研究介绍了一种前馈神经网络（FFNN）模型，可准确预测微气泡的光学特性。利用提供解释的分析工具 SHAP（Shapley Additive Explanations）方法，我们精确划分了微气泡几何参数对 FFNN 模型预测的影响，并指出了影响其光学特性的关键因素。通过逆向工程，我们可以从预期结果中推导出微气泡的几何参数，从而为这些结构的优化设计提供了一种方法。这项研究不仅为我们深入理解微气泡结构和性能优化提供了强有力的工具，还为光学和光子学领域的探索铺平了新的道路。

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