Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104527
Jinwoo Park, Joungmoon Lee, Sang-Kook Han
This paper proposes an optical transmission technique using a non-orthogonal digital–analog hybrid (NODAH) signal. The hybrid system is designed to take advantage of the mature digital transmission infrastructure and the inherently high spectral efficiency of analog transmission. The NODAH signal was modulated using an in-phase-quadrature modulator with an appropriate bias and driving voltage and transmitted through an optical fiber with chromatic dispersion characteristics. After the photodetection process, dispersion-induced power fading results in the mitigation of the analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog interference significantly. The proposed technique was analyzed mathematically based on optical transmission theory, and its performance in broadband communication was verified with experiments. Proof-of-concept experiments conducted using 25 and 50 km-long commercial optical fibers to transmit and receive the hybrid signals confirm that the proposed technique satisfies the error vector magnitude requirements of relevant communication standards under the experimental condition.
{"title":"Non-orthogonal digital–analog hybrid optical transmission using dispersion-induced power fading in multi-distance optical access network","authors":"Jinwoo Park, Joungmoon Lee, Sang-Kook Han","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104527","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104527","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper proposes an optical transmission technique using a non-orthogonal digital–analog hybrid (NODAH) signal. The hybrid system is designed to take advantage of the mature digital transmission infrastructure and the inherently high spectral efficiency of analog transmission. The NODAH signal was modulated using an in-phase-quadrature modulator with an appropriate bias and driving voltage and transmitted through an optical fiber with chromatic dispersion characteristics. After the photodetection process, dispersion-induced power fading results in the mitigation of the analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog interference significantly. The proposed technique was analyzed mathematically based on optical transmission theory, and its performance in broadband communication was verified with experiments. Proof-of-concept experiments conducted using 25 and 50 km-long commercial optical fibers to transmit and receive the hybrid signals confirm that the proposed technique satisfies the error vector magnitude requirements of relevant communication standards under the experimental condition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 104527"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145771924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104523
Tingting Song , Jinli Jiang , Yichen Ye , Ye Su , Cong Huang , Yi Zhu
Optical Network-on-Chip (ONoC) has emerged as a promising on-chip interconnection solution due to its advantages in low latency and high bandwidth. However, existing routing algorithms rarely consider the inherent characteristic of optical circuit switching in ONoC, namely, the exclusive occupation of link bandwidth during communication. Failure to properly address this feature may exacerbate network congestion and degrade overall performance, particularly in long-distance communications that follow shortest-path routing. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel congestion-aware adaptive routing algorithm based on reinforcement learning (RLCAR), aiming to enhance network throughput and reduce communication latency. Unlike traditional approaches that rely solely on shortest-path selection, the proposed scheme routes path-setup packets dynamically by jointly considering queuing delays and the length of the prospective path. Furthermore, we employ the proposed algorithm to the VCmesh network and conduct simulations under different traffic patterns and network scales using OPNET. Simulation results demonstrate that, in the 6 × 6 network under uniform traffic, transpose traffic, hotspot-point traffic, and hotspot-area traffic pattern , the proposed routing approach achieves reducing and network average end-to-end delay by 14.9%, 17.9%, 14.1%, and 13.5%, respectively, while improving the maximum throughput by 12.4%, 0.8%, 13.7% and 12.8%, respectively, and increasing the optical path insertion loss by 4.64%, compared with length-optimized-routing-protocol (LORP) routing. As the network scales up, the proposed method exhibits even greater advantages in latency and throughput optimization, at the cost of a slight increase in optical insertion loss.
{"title":"A novel congestion-aware adaptive routing algorithm based on reinforcement learning for VCmesh-based optical network-on-chip","authors":"Tingting Song , Jinli Jiang , Yichen Ye , Ye Su , Cong Huang , Yi Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104523","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104523","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optical Network-on-Chip (ONoC) has emerged as a promising on-chip interconnection solution due to its advantages in low latency and high bandwidth. However, existing routing algorithms rarely consider the inherent characteristic of optical circuit switching in ONoC, namely, the exclusive occupation of link bandwidth during communication. Failure to properly address this feature may exacerbate network congestion and degrade overall performance, particularly in long-distance communications that follow shortest-path routing. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel congestion-aware adaptive routing algorithm based on reinforcement learning (RLCAR), aiming to enhance network throughput and reduce communication latency. Unlike traditional approaches that rely solely on shortest-path selection, the proposed scheme routes path-setup packets dynamically by jointly considering queuing delays and the length of the prospective path. Furthermore, we employ the proposed algorithm to the VCmesh network and conduct simulations under different traffic patterns and network scales using OPNET. Simulation results demonstrate that, in the 6 × 6 network under uniform traffic, transpose traffic, hotspot-point traffic, and hotspot-area traffic pattern , the proposed routing approach achieves reducing and network average end-to-end delay by 14.9%, 17.9%, 14.1%, and 13.5%, respectively, while improving the maximum throughput by 12.4%, 0.8%, 13.7% and 12.8%, respectively, and increasing the optical path insertion loss by 4.64%, compared with length-optimized-routing-protocol (LORP) routing. As the network scales up, the proposed method exhibits even greater advantages in latency and throughput optimization, at the cost of a slight increase in optical insertion loss.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 104523"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104526
Wenxi Wei , Xin Ding , Mengjie Wang , Haijuan Li , Nan Chen , Zhaocheng Tu , Suqi Liang , Chuxin Yang
A Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) coated with graphene oxide (GO) for relative humidity (RH) measurement has been proposed in this paper. The proposed sensor is fabricated using microstructured single-mode fiber and leverages the exceptional hydrophilicity of GO to achieve highly sensitive RH detection. Specifically, a microsphere-misalignment structure is first created by splicing to excite higher-order modes, followed by a tapering process to further enhance the interaction between the evanescent field and the surrounding environment. A GO film is then deposited on the tapered region via a physical deposition method to augment the response to water molecules. When ambient RH changes, RI of GO film correspondingly alters, leading to a shift in the phase difference. This phase shift ultimately manifests as a shift of resonant wavelength in interference spectrum. Experimental results demonstrate that with a waist diameter of 18 μm, the sensor achieves a sensitivity of 194.54 pm/%RH and a response time of 12.7 s within RH range of 37 % to 65 %. The proposed structure exhibits highly sensitivity, straightforward fabrication, and cost-effectiveness, showing promising potential for applications in chemical and biochemical sensing.
{"title":"A high-sensitivity humidity sensor featuring a graphene oxide functionalized microsphere-tapered fiber MZI","authors":"Wenxi Wei , Xin Ding , Mengjie Wang , Haijuan Li , Nan Chen , Zhaocheng Tu , Suqi Liang , Chuxin Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104526","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104526","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) coated with graphene oxide (GO) for relative humidity (RH) measurement has been proposed in this paper. The proposed sensor is fabricated using microstructured single-mode fiber and leverages the exceptional hydrophilicity of GO to achieve highly sensitive RH detection. Specifically, a microsphere-misalignment structure is first created by splicing to excite higher-order modes, followed by a tapering process to further enhance the interaction between the evanescent field and the surrounding environment. A GO film is then deposited on the tapered region via a physical deposition method to augment the response to water molecules. When ambient RH changes, RI of GO film correspondingly alters, leading to a shift in the phase difference. This phase shift ultimately manifests as a shift of resonant wavelength in interference spectrum. Experimental results demonstrate that with a waist diameter of 18 μm, the sensor achieves a sensitivity of 194.54 pm/%RH and a response time of 12.7 s within RH range of 37 % to 65 %. The proposed structure exhibits highly sensitivity, straightforward fabrication, and cost-effectiveness, showing promising potential for applications in chemical and biochemical sensing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 104526"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104501
Hao-yu Yang, Xin-wei Li, Tian-rui Liao
Real-time monitoring of gas flow rate plays a crucial role in industrial production, environmental monitoring, and laboratory gas research. However, designing a high-precision gas flow rate sensor resistant to temperature interference remains a challenging research task. In this context, a novel gas flow velocity sensor based on symmetric FBGs is proposed, which fixes four FBGs in a symmetrical double-layer arrangement on a load-bearing beam to achieve gas flow velocity detection. The novelty of this design not only eliminates the interference of temperature, but also substantially improves the accuracy of detection. The experiment results demonstrated that the gas flow velocity response sensitivity of the four FBGs ranged from 0.045 nm·s/m to 0.0561 nm·s/m, the temperature flow velocity cross-sensitivity ranged from 0.000185 nm·s/m·℃ to 0.00605 nm·s/m·℃, and the humidity response sensitivity was almost zero. In addition, the detection accuracy is relatively ideal, with a detection result error of 0.046 m/s and a relative error of no more than 0.88 %. These data indicate that the sensor has superior anti-interference performance and high accuracy, coupled with the advantages of simple structure and low production cost, making it capable of mass production.
{"title":"A resistant to temperature interference gas flow velocity detection method based on symmetrical array FBGs","authors":"Hao-yu Yang, Xin-wei Li, Tian-rui Liao","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104501","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104501","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Real-time monitoring of gas flow rate plays a crucial role in industrial production, environmental monitoring, and laboratory gas research. However, designing a high-precision gas flow rate sensor resistant to temperature interference remains a challenging research task. In this context, a novel gas flow velocity sensor based on symmetric FBGs is proposed, which fixes four FBGs in a symmetrical double-layer arrangement on a load-bearing beam to achieve gas flow velocity detection. The novelty of this design not only eliminates the interference of temperature, but also substantially improves the accuracy of detection. The experiment results demonstrated that the gas flow velocity response sensitivity of the four FBGs ranged from 0.045 nm·s/m to 0.0561 nm·s/m, the temperature flow velocity cross-sensitivity ranged from 0.000185 nm·s/m·℃ to 0.00605 nm·s/m·℃, and the humidity response sensitivity was almost zero. In addition, the detection accuracy is relatively ideal, with a detection result error of 0.046 m/s and a relative error of no more than 0.88 %. These data indicate that the sensor has superior anti-interference performance and high accuracy, coupled with the advantages of simple structure and low production cost, making it capable of mass production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 104501"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104518
Wenjun He , Yafei Hou , Songquan Yan , Qing Yan , Lei Yu , Shuo Su , Yi Liu , Yajun You , Wenping Geng , Jian He , Xiujian Chou
With the deep integration of photonic technology and microwave electronics, optomechanical microwave oscillator (OM-MO) has become one of the important research directions in the field of microwave photonics due to its narrow linewidth characteristics, low phase noise, and good anti-interference. In this paper, a Parity-Time (PT) symmetric OM-MO based on Torsional-Radial (TR2,m) acoustic modes is proposed and designed. The system adopts a single dual-polarized optical loop path structure, and the natural birefringence effect of lithium niobate phase modulator (LN-PM) is utilized to construct a gain-loss natural separation loop. By precisely modulating the polarization state of the Stokes light injected into the LN-PM to achieve PT symmetry breaking, the multi-longitudinal mode competition can be effectively suppressed and the single longitudinal mode (SLM) output can be realized. Thus, the purity of the microwave signals output from OM-MO based on TR2,m modes are enhanced, and a technical basis is provided for the realization of higher-performance microwave photonic oscillators. Experimentally realized frequency tunable TR2,6-TR2,9 modes. The results show that the investigated TR2,8 mode obtains a high side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) of up to 74.71 dB, a narrow linewidth of 14.2 Hz at −3 dB, and a low phase noise performance of −118 dBc/Hz@10 kHz. This scheme does not require the introduction of additional electrical signal modulation, has a simple system structure, and has great potential for application in the fields of quantum communication as well as radar imaging.
{"title":"Parity-time-symmetric optomechanically microwave oscillator based on the torsional radial acoustic modes with a single dual-polarization optical loop","authors":"Wenjun He , Yafei Hou , Songquan Yan , Qing Yan , Lei Yu , Shuo Su , Yi Liu , Yajun You , Wenping Geng , Jian He , Xiujian Chou","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104518","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104518","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the deep integration of photonic technology and microwave electronics, optomechanical microwave oscillator (OM-MO) has become one of the important research directions in the field of microwave photonics due to its narrow linewidth characteristics, low phase noise, and good anti-interference. In this paper, a Parity-Time (PT) symmetric OM-MO based on Torsional-Radial (TR<sub>2,m</sub>) acoustic modes is proposed and designed. The system adopts a single dual-polarized optical loop path structure, and the natural birefringence effect of lithium niobate phase modulator (LN-PM) is utilized to construct a gain-loss natural separation loop. By precisely modulating the polarization state of the Stokes light injected into the LN-PM to achieve PT symmetry breaking, the multi-longitudinal mode competition can be effectively suppressed and the single longitudinal mode (SLM) output can be realized. Thus, the purity of the microwave signals output from OM-MO based on TR<sub>2,m</sub> modes are enhanced, and a technical basis is provided for the realization of higher-performance microwave photonic oscillators. Experimentally realized frequency tunable TR<sub>2,6</sub>-TR<sub>2,9</sub> modes. The results show that the investigated TR<sub>2,8</sub> mode obtains a high side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) of up to 74.71 dB, a narrow linewidth of 14.2 Hz at −3 dB, and a low phase noise performance of −118 dBc/Hz@10 kHz. This scheme does not require the introduction of additional electrical signal modulation, has a simple system structure, and has great potential for application in the fields of quantum communication as well as radar imaging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 104518"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-10DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104522
Haonan Sun , Yaojie Li , Cun Zhao , Taiji Dong , Chunlei Jiang , Xu Liu , Zhaotong Song , Dongao Li , Chao Feng , Chunlian Kang , Hang Pan
We present a dual-wavelength, in-fiber locate-and-cure process that bonds a dielectric microsphere coaxially to a single-mode fiber tip and yields a robust fiber-tip micro-optic. A 980 nm core-guided field provides self-alignment of the microsphere at the taper apex, while a 405 nm core-guided beam pre-gels and fully cures a low-fluorescence UV adhesive (NOA61), suppressing backflow, preserving taper geometry, and improving reproducibility. To our knowledge, this is the first process that integrates core-guided optical trapping with in-fiber UV curing for coaxial microsphere–fiber bonding, without free-space alignment, enabling rapid fabrication of compact, high-performance sensing heads. Finite-element simulations predict ∼12.5 % higher fundamental-mode overlap/coupling for a 0.5 µm sphere–taper design compared with a 2.5 µm design, Here, “overlap” is computed as the normalized mode-overlap integral evaluated at the fiber-core cross-section at 1550 nm using a full-vector FEM; see Sec. 2.3 for the setup. together with a 67 % reduction in efficiency degradation over 0–45° angular misalignment. Experiments confirm optical performance gains: power-meter measurements indicate ∼40 % higher coupling efficiency, and OTDR shows the return loss increased by 2.3 dB (back-reflection reduced). As an application example, under 0.1 nm pk–pk sinusoidal and triangular excitation at 5 and 10 Hz, the fabricated sensor exhibits a 110 % increase in fundamental response; time- and frequency-domain SNRs improve by 8.3 dB and 9.7 dB, respectively; and the coefficient of variation of the fundamental amplitude decreases from 6.5 % to 2.1 %. The approach eliminates free-space alignment, defines a clear power–time process window for capillary dispensing and core-coupled curing, and delivers reproducible fiber-tip micro-optics.
{"title":"A fiber–dielectric microsphere sensor for vibration metrology: fabrication via dual-wavelength in-fiber locate-and-cure and metrological performance evaluation","authors":"Haonan Sun , Yaojie Li , Cun Zhao , Taiji Dong , Chunlei Jiang , Xu Liu , Zhaotong Song , Dongao Li , Chao Feng , Chunlian Kang , Hang Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104522","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104522","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present a dual-wavelength, in-fiber locate-and-cure process that bonds a dielectric microsphere coaxially to a single-mode fiber tip and yields a robust fiber-tip micro-optic. A 980 nm core-guided field provides self-alignment of the microsphere at the taper apex, while a 405 nm core-guided beam pre-gels and fully cures a low-fluorescence UV adhesive (NOA61), suppressing backflow, preserving taper geometry, and improving reproducibility. To our knowledge, this is the first process that integrates core-guided optical trapping with in-fiber UV curing for coaxial microsphere–fiber bonding, without free-space alignment, enabling rapid fabrication of compact, high-performance sensing heads. Finite-element simulations predict ∼12.5 % higher fundamental-mode overlap/coupling for a 0.5 µm sphere–taper design compared with a 2.5 µm design, Here, “overlap” is computed as the normalized mode-overlap integral evaluated at the fiber-core cross-section at 1550 nm using a full-vector FEM; see Sec. 2.3 for the setup. together with a 67 % reduction in efficiency degradation over 0–45° angular misalignment. Experiments confirm optical performance gains: power-meter measurements indicate ∼40 % higher coupling efficiency, and OTDR shows the return loss increased by 2.3 dB (back-reflection reduced). As an application example, under 0.1 nm pk–pk sinusoidal and triangular excitation at 5 and 10 Hz, the fabricated sensor exhibits a 110 % increase in fundamental response; time- and frequency-domain SNRs improve by 8.3 dB and 9.7 dB, respectively; and the coefficient of variation of the fundamental amplitude decreases from 6.5 % to 2.1 %. The approach eliminates free-space alignment, defines a clear power–time process window for capillary dispensing and core-coupled curing, and delivers reproducible fiber-tip micro-optics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 104522"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-09DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104519
Zhanqiang Hui , Jiayi Ren , Liming Gao , Youqiang Hao , Zipeng Zhou , Dongdong Han , Tiantian Li , Xiaohui Li
CoTe2 nanosheets based absorber (SA) was fabricated via the combination of liquid-phase exfoliation and optical deposited methods on tapered fibers. By integrating it into a normal-dispersion ring cavity, switchable mode-locked operations among three distinct pulse states in erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL): dissipative single-soliton (DSS) pulse, dissipative multi-soliton (DMS) pulse, and wave-breaking-free pulse was demonstrated. The typical DSS at 1567.92 nm, exhibits a fundamental repetition frequency of 7.59 MHz, and a pulse duration of 35.6 ps. Polarization optimization enables the evolution from DSS to DMS. As the pump power increases from 48.0 mW to 179.6 mW, the number of soliton pulses within one cavity round-trip period (131.7 ns) progressively increases from 1 to 6. In addition, the wave-breaking-free pulse can keep single-pulse state even at a high pump light power of 179.3 mW, with a pulse duration of 83.6 ps and a pulse energy of 1.33 nJ. These results indicate that the CoTe2-SA holds significant application potential in ultrafast EDFLs featuring normal-dispersion ring cavities.
{"title":"Switchable multi-type pulses generation from CoTe2-SA based normal-dispersion erbium-doped fiber laser","authors":"Zhanqiang Hui , Jiayi Ren , Liming Gao , Youqiang Hao , Zipeng Zhou , Dongdong Han , Tiantian Li , Xiaohui Li","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104519","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104519","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>CoTe<sub>2</sub> nanosheets based absorber (SA) was fabricated via the combination of liquid-phase exfoliation and optical deposited methods on tapered fibers. By integrating it into a normal-dispersion ring cavity, switchable mode-locked operations among three distinct pulse states in erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL): dissipative single-soliton (DSS) pulse, dissipative multi-soliton (DMS) pulse, and wave-breaking-free pulse was demonstrated. The typical DSS at 1567.92 nm, exhibits a fundamental repetition frequency of 7.59 MHz, and a pulse duration of 35.6 ps. Polarization optimization enables the evolution from DSS to DMS. As the pump power increases from 48.0 mW to 179.6 mW, the number of soliton pulses within one cavity round-trip period (131.7 ns) progressively increases from 1 to 6. In addition, the wave-breaking-free pulse can keep single-pulse state even at a high pump light power of 179.3 mW, with a pulse duration of 83.6 ps and a pulse energy of 1.33 nJ. These results indicate that the CoTe<sub>2</sub>-SA holds significant application potential in ultrafast EDFLs featuring normal-dispersion ring cavities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 104519"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104520
Jiaqi Zhao , Haobo Cheng , Yunpeng Feng , Kun Gao
A dual-parameter copper ion concentration and temperature sensor based on the tunable-wavelength erbium fiber laser was proposed and demonstrated. Furthermore, an SNMNMS interferometer, comprising single-mode fiber (SMF), no-core fiber (NCF) and multimode fiber (MMF), was functionalized self-assembly by multi-layer chitosan (CS) and polyacrylic acid (PAA). The functionalized interferometer was connected in parallel with a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and placed separately in the copper ion solution and on a heated plate, jointly enabling laser filtering, wavelength tuning, and dual-parameter sensing. With the temperature rising from 30 to 120 °C and the concentration increasing from 100 to 1000 mg/L, respectively, the laser wavelengths shifted from 1532.239 nm to 1533.068 nm and from 1556.507 nm to 1558.428 nm. The sensitivities for temperature and concentration sensing were 0.0092 nm/℃ and 0.0022 nm/(mg/L), with linearity coefficients of 0.998 and 0.995. The side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) of the dual-laser outputs exceeded 27.482 dB and 27.5 dB, overcoming broadband and low extinction ratio limitations in interferometric sensors causing reduced positioning accuracy. Consequently, the dual-parameter laser sensor simultaneously monitors copper ions and temperature, ensuring the quality of copper foil during the plating process. Additionally, it enhances signal recognition accuracy, while the multilayer coating improves stability in high-concentration environments, preventing failure due to excessive adsorption.
{"title":"Dual-parameter Cu2+ concentration and temperature sensor based on a wavelength-tunable fiber laser incorporating SNMNMS interferometer and FBG","authors":"Jiaqi Zhao , Haobo Cheng , Yunpeng Feng , Kun Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104520","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104520","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A dual-parameter copper ion concentration and temperature sensor based on the tunable-wavelength erbium fiber laser was proposed and demonstrated. Furthermore, an SNMNMS interferometer, comprising single-mode fiber (SMF), no-core fiber (NCF) and multimode fiber (MMF), was functionalized self-assembly by multi-layer chitosan (CS) and polyacrylic acid (PAA). The functionalized interferometer was connected in parallel with a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and placed separately in the copper ion solution and on a heated plate, jointly enabling laser filtering, wavelength tuning, and dual-parameter sensing. With the temperature rising from 30 to 120 °C and the concentration increasing from 100 to 1000 mg/L, respectively, the laser wavelengths shifted from 1532.239 nm to 1533.068 nm and from 1556.507 nm to 1558.428 nm. The sensitivities for temperature and concentration sensing were 0.0092 nm/℃ and 0.0022 nm/(mg/L), with linearity coefficients of 0.998 and 0.995. The side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) of the dual-laser outputs exceeded 27.482 dB and 27.5 dB, overcoming broadband and low extinction ratio limitations in interferometric sensors causing reduced positioning accuracy. Consequently, the dual-parameter laser sensor simultaneously monitors copper ions and temperature, ensuring the quality of copper foil during the plating process. Additionally, it enhances signal recognition accuracy, while the multilayer coating improves stability in high-concentration environments, preventing failure due to excessive adsorption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 104520"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104505
Wencong Duan , Yingming Li , Qiangsheng Tao , Guoyang Sheng , Yao Liu , Yi Li , Junpeng An , Jianghuai Gao
Accurate monitoring of deformation in asphalt pavements is critical for assessing construction quality and long-term performance. To overcome the limitations of conventional techniques—such as restricted measurement range, low spatial resolution, and susceptibility to electromagnetic interference—this study presents a novel, large-range fiber optic sensor based on the macro-bending principle. The core sensing element, a spring-fiber displacement sensing unit (SFDSU), is fabricated by helically winding and bonding a G.652D single-mode fiber onto a spring. Its operating mechanism converts axial displacement into quantifiable optical power attenuation via controlled macro-bending. Laboratory calibration demonstrated a sensitivity of 0.0623 dB/mm over a displacement range of 30 mm, with excellent linearity (R2 ≥ 0.971) and long-term stability. The sensor’s robustness against ambient temperature variations was systematically confirmed. Critically, following structural encapsulation, the sensor was successfully deployed in an asphalt rutting test, where its measurements of compaction displacement showed a strong correlation (R2 = 0.992) with a certified reference sensor, validating its performance under realistic conditions. The proposed SFDSU thus offers a reliable and practical solution for quasi-distributed deformation monitoring in asphalt pavements.
{"title":"Design optimization and encapsulation of spring-fiber displacement unit (SFDSU) for pavement monitoring using helical macro-bend fiber","authors":"Wencong Duan , Yingming Li , Qiangsheng Tao , Guoyang Sheng , Yao Liu , Yi Li , Junpeng An , Jianghuai Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104505","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104505","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate monitoring of deformation in asphalt pavements is critical for assessing construction quality and long-term performance. To overcome the limitations of conventional techniques—such as restricted measurement range, low spatial resolution, and susceptibility to electromagnetic interference—this study presents a novel, large-range fiber optic sensor based on the macro-bending principle. The core sensing element, a spring-fiber displacement sensing unit (SFDSU), is fabricated by helically winding and bonding a G.652D single-mode fiber onto a spring. Its operating mechanism converts axial displacement into quantifiable optical power attenuation via controlled macro-bending. Laboratory calibration demonstrated a sensitivity of 0.0623 dB/mm<!--> <!-->over a displacement range of 30 mm, with excellent linearity (R<sup>2</sup> ≥ 0.971) and long-term stability. The sensor’s robustness against ambient temperature variations was systematically confirmed.<!--> <!-->Critically, following structural encapsulation, the sensor was successfully deployed in an asphalt rutting test, where its measurements of compaction displacement showed a strong correlation (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.992) with a certified reference sensor, validating its performance under realistic conditions.<!--> <!-->The proposed SFDSU thus offers a reliable and practical solution for quasi-distributed deformation monitoring in asphalt pavements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 104505"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-07DOI: 10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104521
Zhenbang Yang , Shaoguang Yang , Yu Qin
The control of capillary wall thickness is becoming a critical requirement in the manufacturing process of anti-resonant hollow core fibers (ARHCFs). Variations in capillary wall thickness directly affect the characteristics of the anti-resonant region. For a specific operational wavelength, even minor changes in wall thickness can result in significant losses during electromagnetic wave transmission. In this manuscript, we propose an in situ frequency detection method based on string vibration to monitor changes in capillary wall thickness. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations demonstrate the feasibility of this approach.
{"title":"A method to detect the capillary wall thickness","authors":"Zhenbang Yang , Shaoguang Yang , Yu Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104521","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.yofte.2025.104521","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The control of capillary wall thickness is becoming a critical requirement in the manufacturing process of anti-resonant hollow core fibers (ARHCFs). Variations in capillary wall thickness directly affect the characteristics of the anti-resonant region. For a specific operational wavelength, even minor changes in wall thickness can result in significant losses during electromagnetic wave transmission. In this manuscript, we propose an in situ frequency detection method based on string vibration to monitor changes in capillary wall thickness. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations demonstrate the feasibility of this approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19663,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fiber Technology","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 104521"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145749381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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