Exploring the pathways to sustainability: A comprehensive review of biodegradable plastics in the circular economy

Abstract

This review article explores the multifaceted landscape of biodegradable plastics, delving into their synthesis, production, degradation mechanisms, recycling methods, and socio-economic implications within the framework of a circular economy. Beginning with the synthesis process, it discusses the diverse sources of building blocks for bioplastics, ranging from terrestrial plants to ocean biomass and animal-derived macromolecules. Bioplastics production is examined through bottom-up approaches, including microbial biosynthesis and chemical polymerization techniques. The biodegradation process of these plastics is explored in depth, encompassing various types such as compostable plastics, oxo-degradable plastics, and enzyme-mediated biodegradable plastics, along with strategies for designing enzyme mixtures for effective plastic degradation. The article also investigates the recycling avenues for biodegradable plastics, including mechanical, chemical, and bio-recycling methods, highlighting their potential to contribute to a more sustainable plastic lifecycle. Mechanisms underlying the biodegradation process are elucidated to provide insights into the environmental fate of these materials. Furthermore, the concept of a circular economy of plastics is examined, emphasizing the importance of closing the loop through efficient resource utilization and waste management practices. Socio-economic impacts associated with the utilization of biodegradable plastics are analyzed, along with the prospects and obstacles influencing their adoption. Overall, this comprehensive review offers valuable insights into the current state and future directions of biodegradable plastics, addressing key challenges and opportunities in their development and implementation.