Bridging gaps with computer vision: AI in (bio)medical imaging and astronomy

Abstract

This paper explores how artificial intelligence (AI) techniques can address common challenges in astronomy and (bio)medical imaging. It focuses on applying convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and other AI methods to tasks such as image reconstruction, object detection, anomaly detection, and generative modeling. Drawing parallels between domains like MRI and radio astronomy, the paper highlights the critical role of AI in producing high-quality image reconstructions and reducing artifacts. Generative models are examined as versatile tools for tackling challenges such as data scarcity and privacy concerns in medicine, as well as managing the vast and complex datasets found in astrophysics. Anomaly detection is also discussed, with an emphasis on unsupervised learning approaches that address the difficulties of working with large, unlabeled datasets. Furthermore, the paper explores the use of reinforcement learning to enhance CNN performance through automated hyperparameter optimization and adaptive decision-making in dynamic environments. The focus of this paper remains strictly on AI applications, without addressing the synergies between measurement techniques or the core algorithms specific to each field.