A state-of-the-Art review on edible electronics: Next-generation technologies for biocompatible and ingestible devices

Abstract

Background

Conventional electronics often rely on non-biodegradable materials, hazardous chemicals, and complex disposal processes, leading to significant environmental and health concerns. With an increasing focus on sustainability and safety, the field of edible electronics has emerged, aiming to create ingestible and bioresorbable electronic devices that align with green technology principles and help mitigate electronic waste. This review highlights significant advancements in edible electronics research conducted from 2011 to 2025.

Scope & approach

This review explores cutting-edge advancements in edible electronics, focusing on developing ingestible electronic devices using safe and biocompatible materials. It examines key components such as edible conductors (ionic and electronic), dielectrics, and semiconductors, and discusses their integration into functional systems like transistors, circuits, and light-emitting devices. The review also evaluates fabrication methods, including printing, patterning, and carbonization, alongside energy solutions, and innovative energy harvesting techniques. Additionally, the review addresses the regulatory landscape, highlighting the importance of safety and compliance in developing edible electronics.

Key findings & conclusion

The review emphasizes the transformative potential of edible electronics in healthcare, diagnostics, and beyond. It highlights the significant advancements in materials and technologies that allow for safe and functional edible devices. However, challenges remain, particularly in terms of regulatory approval, large-scale fabrication, and ensuring consistent performance within the human body. Continued research and collaboration between scientists, industry leaders, and regulatory bodies are essential to advance edible electronics from concept to widespread application, promising a future where electronic devices can be safely ingested for medical, diagnostic, and even nutritional purposes.