Exploring the wound healing potential of biocompatible nano-hydroxyapatite derived from parrotfish scale (Scarrus ghobban) waste for bone tissue engineering

Abstract

Fish waste management and the development of sustainable applications for fish byproducts have gained significant importance in recent times. This study focuses on repurposing discarded fish scales from Scarus ghobban to synthesize nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HAp) using an alkaline hydrolysis method. The n-HAp was comprehensively characterized through various analytical techniques, including FESEM, FT-IR, XRD, and TEM. The results revealed the successful production of n-HAp particles with an average size of 20–50 nm and the presence of functional groups such as esters, ethers, halogen compounds, and nitriles along with secondary amines, phenols, and alcohols which contribute to enhanced material characteristics. Additionally, through elemental mapping minerals such as Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, and Sodium were confirmed. Cytotoxicity tests using L929 fibroblast cells demonstrated biocompatibility and wound healing assays indicated its potential for tissue regeneration. This approach not only harnesses valuable resources from fish waste but also holds promise for various biomedical applications, contributing to both economic growth and environmental sustainability. Ultimately, this nano-hydroxyapatite derived from fish scales showcases remarkable biocompatibility, positioning it as a promising candidate for the development of wound dressings.