The 2 × 2 upper triangular matrix algebra and its generalized polynomial identities

Abstract

Let $U{T}_2$ be the algebra of $2\times 2$ upper triangular matrices over a field F of characteristic zero. Here we study the generalized polynomial identities of $U{T}_2$, i.e., identical relations holding for $U{T}_2$ regarded as $U{T}_2$-algebra. We determine the generator of the $T_{U{T}_2}$-ideal of generalized polynomial identities of $U{T}_2$ and compute the exact values of the corresponding sequence of generalized codimensions. Moreover, we give a complete description of the space of multilinear generalized identities in n variables in the language of Young diagrams through the representation theory of the symmetric group $S_n$. Finally, we prove that, unlike the ordinary case, the generalized variety of $U{T}_2$-algebras generated by $U{T}_2$ has no almost polynomial growth; nevertheless, we exhibit two distinct generalized varieties of almost polynomial growth.