Essential parts of hydrogen economy: Hydrogen production, storage, transportation and application

Abstract

Promoting renewable energy sources and effective storage, conversion, and transportation technologies to address non-renewable energy supply and environmental issues is a need of the time. The unique features, including its environmentally benign nature, high mass energy density, and known as a clean energy carrier, make hydrogen energy an appealing substitute for fossil fuels in both mobile and fixed applications. Hydrogen has become the most significant source of energy as the need for energy increases. It is a crucial strategy for preventing the increase in pollutants and global temperature. Despite its advantages, the high flammability of H₂ requires adequate safety measurements at the points of storage, production and application. A safe, cost-efficient, compact and light hydrogen storage medium is essential for the hydrogen economy. Highly pressured gaseous hydrogen and liquid hydrogen storage systems are the conventional hydrogen storage systems. Solid-state storage systems have received interest because they can safely, compactly, and irreversibly store large amounts of hydrogen. This overview presents effective methods for hydrogen synthesis, storage, safe transportation, and application.Technologies for producing hydrogen are already commercially accessible, and some of them are still in development. Therefore, there is a desire to reduce the environmental impact of greenhouse gases and other pollutants that are increasing on a global scale. Even though there have been significant advancements in hydrogen technology, but more sustainable research efforts are still required to develop the techniques.