Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews最新文献

A comprehensive review of grid support services from solar photovoltaic power plants 太阳能光伏电站电网支持服务综述

IF 16.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Pub Date : 2024-12-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2024.115133

Soudipan Maity, Zakir Hussain Rather, Suryanarayana Doolla

In recent years, the global expansion of solar photovoltaic power plants has seen rapid acceleration fueled by technological advancements, substantial cost reductions, and favorable regulatory reforms. Although pivotal to the transition towards sustainable energy sources, the integration of a large number of photovoltaic plants presents unique challenges for the system operator in ensuring grid stability and security. Therefore, it has become increasingly important for these plants to provide adequate grid support services and maintain voltage and frequency stability, similar to conventional generators. In this context, this paper critically analyses the diverse strategies and advanced trends for acquiring grid support services from solar photovoltaic power plants. The relevant procedures are garnered from the literature, which dates back to the earliest reported methods. The review encompasses the analysis of different applications related to active power control for frequency regulation, reactive power control for voltage regulation, and black-start support for system restoration. The paper also examines the existing challenges and delves into the opportunities to transform the interaction of photovoltaic power plants with electricity grids. As solar photovoltaic penetration increases, the role of these grid support services becomes ever more critical, requiring innovative solutions, conducive regulatory frameworks, and a thriving market structure to support the continuously evolving energy landscape.

近年来，在技术进步、成本大幅降低和有利的监管改革的推动下，全球太阳能光伏电站的扩张速度迅速加快。尽管对向可持续能源过渡至关重要，但大量光伏电站的整合对系统运营商在确保电网稳定性和安全性方面提出了独特的挑战。因此，对这些发电厂来说，提供足够的电网支持服务并保持电压和频率的稳定性变得越来越重要，就像传统发电机一样。在此背景下，本文批判性地分析了从太阳能光伏发电厂获得电网支持服务的各种策略和先进趋势。相关程序是从文献中获得的，可以追溯到最早报道的方法。这篇综述分析了频率调节的有功功率控制、电压调节的无功功率控制和系统恢复的黑启动支持等不同应用。本文还分析了现有的挑战，并深入探讨了光伏电站与电网相互作用转变的机遇。随着太阳能光伏渗透的增加，这些电网支持服务的作用变得越来越重要，需要创新的解决方案、有利的监管框架和蓬勃发展的市场结构来支持不断发展的能源格局。

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引用次数: 0

Potential of low-cost materials for biogas purification, a review of recent developments 低成本沼气净化材料的潜力，近期发展综述

IF 16.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Pub Date : 2024-12-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2024.115152

Anceita Jepleting , Achisa C. Mecha , Dorcas Sombei , Doricah Moraa , Martha N. Chollom

Rampant use of fossil fuels resulting in environmental pollution has necessitated the exploration of renewable energy sources. Sustainable development goal 7 stipulates the need for affordable, clean energy to meet human and industrial needs. Abundance of organic waste, in developing economies, makes methane from biogas a major source of renewable energy. The main limitation being that the raw biogas contains carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and other unwanted gases, therefore it requires purification to remove non-methane components. However, existing biogas purification and upgrading systems are relatively expensive and require sophisticated technology and skills to operate them, hence they are unaffordable especially in many developing economies. Besides, these technologies are mainly applicable to large scale systems and are unsuitable for the small-scale systems mostly found in developing economies. This review critically evaluates the potential of low-cost biogas purification materials such as iron rich soils, activated carbon from solid waste, waste iron fillings, and biomass ash for use in household and small-scale biogas plants. These materials have demonstrated considerable performance achieving the following removal efficiencies; clay (90 %); iron-rich New Zealand Brown soil (93.8 %); commercial steel wool (95 %); and compost (80 %). This study proposes new ways to improve the performance of these materials through proper pretreatment of biomass ash to reduce moisture content, surface modification of activated carbon for improved acid gas uptake, integration of adsorbents to create synergy, regeneration and reuse of these adsorbents to promote sustainability. Low-cost materials demonstrate great promise towards achieving SDG 7 especially in developing economies.

化石燃料的过度使用造成了环境污染，因此有必要开发可再生能源。可持续发展目标7规定需要负担得起的清洁能源，以满足人类和工业的需求。在发展中经济体中，大量的有机废物使沼气成为可再生能源的主要来源。主要的限制是原料沼气含有二氧化碳、硫化氢和其他不需要的气体，因此需要净化去除非甲烷成分。然而，现有的沼气净化和升级系统相对昂贵，需要复杂的技术和技能来操作，因此它们是负担不起的，特别是在许多发展中经济体。此外，这些技术主要适用于大型系统，不适合发展中经济体的小型系统。本文评述了低成本沼气净化材料的潜力，如富铁土壤、固体废物中的活性炭、废铁填充物和生物质灰，这些材料可用于家庭和小型沼气厂。这些材料表现出了相当大的性能，实现了以下去除效率：粘土（90%）；富含铁的新西兰棕壤（93.8%）；商用钢丝绒（95%）；和堆肥（80%）。本研究提出了改善这些材料性能的新途径，包括对生物质灰进行适当的预处理以降低水分含量，对活性炭进行表面改性以提高酸性气体的吸附剂的吸收，整合吸附剂以产生协同作用，以及这些吸附剂的再生和再利用以促进可持续性。低成本材料显示出实现可持续发展目标7的巨大希望，特别是在发展中经济体。

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引用次数: 0

Structural optimisation of free-swinging agrivoltaic fences 自由摆动式光伏围栏结构优化

IF 16.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Pub Date : 2024-12-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2024.115160

Benjamin Dardenne, Pierre Latteur

Agrivoltaic fences enable farmers and ranchers to produce energy while maintaining profitable agricultural activity. They consist of vertical posts between which vertical solar panels are mounted. A significant part of the structural costs of these frames comes from their high wind load, which requires large diameter posts, often with wind bracing, and substantial foundations. This research focuses on free-swinging agrivoltaic fences, a new concept that allows panels to 'float' in the wind, an akin to clothes drying on a clothesline. In other words, the panels are suspended from hinged joints, allowing them to swing in strong winds. This study demonstrates that the internal forces in the posts are more than 8 times lower than those induced by fixed vertical panels and scales various parameters involved such as the height of the system, the wind force acting on the panel, its dimensions and weight. The results highlight the fact that the maximum forces generated in the posts of such a system are independent of the wind model considered and can be determined using only the weight of the panel, the height at which it is fixed and the position of the wind pressure on the panel's surface. Finally the study provides a much more reliable and safer design methodology than that used for vertical fixed panels. Design curves are established to provide designers with guidelines on what type of section to use, whether it is steel or timber.

农业发电围栏使农民和牧场主能够在生产能源的同时保持有利可图的农业活动。它们由垂直柱子组成，垂直太阳能电池板安装在柱子之间。这些框架的结构成本的很大一部分来自它们的高风荷载，这需要大直径的柱子，通常有风支撑，和坚实的基础。这项研究的重点是自由摆动的农业光伏栅栏，这是一种新概念，可以让电池板在风中“漂浮”，类似于在晾衣绳上晒衣服。换句话说，面板悬挂在铰链接头上，允许它们在强风中摇摆。该研究表明，柱的内力比固定垂直板所引起的内力低8倍以上，并对系统高度、作用在面板上的风力、尺寸和重量等各种参数进行了衡量。结果强调了这样一个事实，即在这种系统的柱子上产生的最大力与所考虑的风模型无关，并且可以仅使用面板的重量，固定的高度和面板表面风压的位置来确定。最后，该研究提供了一种比垂直固定面板更可靠、更安全的设计方法。设计曲线的建立是为了给设计师提供使用什么类型的截面的指导，无论是钢的还是木材的。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluating China's 2030 carbon peak goal: Post-COVID-19 systematic review 评估中国 2030 年碳峰值目标：后 COVID-19 系统综述

IF 16.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Pub Date : 2024-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2024.115128

Chao Huang , Sau Chung Fu , Ka Chung Chan , Chili Wu , Christopher Y.H. Chao

Following China's 2020 announcement of its commitment to reach a carbon peak by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060, considerable debate has emerged regarding the feasibility of the 2030 carbon peak target. To contribute to this discourse, this review adopts a narrative review, comprehensively analysing 73 publications in the domain of carbon emissions prediction in China post-2020. Moreover, the results show that a predominant view among studies is that China is poised to achieve its carbon peak target from 2027 to 2030, anticipating a peak emission range of approximately 11.60–13.17 Gt CO₂e. Besides, this research provides a comprehensive analysis of the research methodologies, parameter selection, and scenario settings in this field. It offers readers a thorough overview of the area, helping potential researchers to quickly enter the field. Key findings include: (1) the grey model, the artificial intelligence model, the IPAT-derived model, and the system dynamics model are the predominant forecasting models, with the IPAT-derived model being favoured for the national and regional areas and system dynamics for the industry. (2) Scenario settings are typically structured on a 5-year basis, with 3–5 scenarios considered reasonable for policy recommendation as they provide multi-faceted analysis while avoiding information overload and resource wastage. (3) The definition of ‘Carbon Peak’ needs to be taken seriously. Additionally, it highlights current research deficiencies and future directions and provides policy recommendations vital for China's 2030 and 2060 targets.

中国于 2020 年宣布到 2030 年达到碳排放峰值并在 2060 年实现碳中和的承诺后，关于 2030 年碳排放峰值目标的可行性出现了大量争论。为了促进这一讨论，本综述采用了叙述性综述的方法，全面分析了有关 2020 年后中国碳排放预测领域的 73 篇出版物。研究结果表明，主流观点认为中国有望在 2027-2030 年间实现碳排放峰值目标，预计峰值排放范围约为 11.60-13.17 Gt CO2e。此外，本研究还对该领域的研究方法、参数选择和情景设置进行了全面分析。它为读者提供了该领域的全面概述，有助于潜在研究人员快速进入该领域。主要发现包括(1) 灰色模型、人工智能模型、IPAT 衍生模型和系统动力学模型是主要的预测模型，其中 IPAT 衍生模型适用于国家和地区领域，系统动力学模型适用于工业领域。(2) 情景设置通常以 5 年为基础，3-5 个情景被认为是合理的政策建议，因为它们提供了多方面的分析，同时避免了信息过载和资源浪费。(3) 需要认真对待 "碳峰值 "的定义。此外，它还强调了当前研究的不足和未来发展方向，并为中国 2030 年和 2060 年的目标提供了重要的政策建议。

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引用次数: 0

Levelized cost of repurposing oil and gas infrastructure for clean energy in the Gulf of Mexico 墨西哥湾油气基础设施改造为清洁能源的平准化成本

IF 16.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Pub Date : 2024-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2024.115115

Yugbhai Patel, Muhammad Younas, Paulo Liu, Ram Seetharam

The Gulf of Mexico is home to around 1500 oil and gas platforms as of September 2024 that will require decommissioning in the coming decades. The ROICE (Repurposing Offshore Infrastructure for Clean Energy) program assesses the techno-economic feasibility of repurposing the platform jacket and topsides to support hydrogen or wind power generation. This study reports on the development of and results from the ROICE levelized cost (LC) Model. ROICE LC integrates equipment such as turbines, substations, electrolyzers and other variables such as wind speed, water depth, and distance to shore. Using 2023 costs and without federal incentives, LC for electricity varies from 10 cents per kWh for a large project with repurposing at a shallow water, high wind speed location to 24 cents per kWh for a new build small project at a deepwater, lower wind speed location. In comparison, onshore wind projects generate power at 4 to 11 cents per

k W h

, and onshore solar PV cost ranges from 2 to 10 cents per

k W h

. The levelized cost of hydrogen for identical sites varies from $5.50 to $14.50 per kg. In comparison, the cost of onshore hydrogen generation using clean energy ranges from $2.50 to $6.80 per kg. This reflects the need to reduce offshore costs and/or provide incentives to aid in developing offshore wind and clean hydrogen. Incentives offered by the US Federal government (tax credits up to 50 % of cost, $3/kg of hydrogen) could make these projects profitable and will be studied in future phases of the project.

截至2024年9月，墨西哥湾拥有约1500个石油和天然气平台，这些平台将在未来几十年内退役。ROICE（海上清洁能源基础设施改造）项目评估了平台护套和上部结构改造以支持氢气或风力发电的技术经济可行性。本研究报告了voice平准化成本（LC）模型的发展和结果。ROICE LC集成了涡轮机，变电站，电解槽和其他变量（如风速，水深和到岸距离）等设备。根据2023年的成本，在没有联邦激励的情况下，电力成本从在浅水、高风速位置重新利用的大型项目的每千瓦时10美分到在深水、低风速位置新建的小型项目的每千瓦时24美分不等。相比之下，陆上风电项目的发电成本为每千瓦时4至11美分，陆上太阳能光伏发电成本为每千瓦时2至10美分。相同地点氢气的平均成本从每公斤5.50美元到14.50美元不等。相比之下，使用清洁能源的陆上制氢成本从每公斤2.5美元到6.80美元不等。这反映了降低海上成本和/或提供激励措施以帮助开发海上风能和清洁氢的必要性。美国联邦政府提供的激励措施（税收抵免高达成本的50%，每公斤氢3美元）可以使这些项目盈利，并将在项目的未来阶段进行研究。

{"title":"Levelized cost of repurposing oil and gas infrastructure for clean energy in the Gulf of Mexico","authors":"Yugbhai Patel, Muhammad Younas, Paulo Liu, Ram Seetharam","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2024.115115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2024.115115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Gulf of Mexico is home to around 1500 oil and gas platforms as of September 2024 that will require decommissioning in the coming decades. The ROICE (Repurposing Offshore Infrastructure for Clean Energy) program assesses the techno-economic feasibility of repurposing the platform jacket and topsides to support hydrogen or wind power generation. This study reports on the development of and results from the ROICE levelized cost (LC) Model. ROICE LC integrates equipment such as turbines, substations, electrolyzers and other variables such as wind speed, water depth, and distance to shore. Using 2023 costs and without federal incentives, LC for electricity varies from 10 cents per kWh for a large project with repurposing at a shallow water, high wind speed location to 24 cents per kWh for a new build small project at a deepwater, lower wind speed location. In comparison, onshore wind projects generate power at 4 to 11 cents per <span><math><mrow><mi>k</mi><mi>W</mi><mi>h</mi></mrow></math></span>, and onshore solar PV cost ranges from 2 to 10 cents per <span><math><mrow><mi>k</mi><mi>W</mi><mi>h</mi></mrow></math></span>. The levelized cost of hydrogen for identical sites varies from $5.50 to $14.50 per kg. In comparison, the cost of onshore hydrogen generation using clean energy ranges from $2.50 to $6.80 per kg. This reflects the need to reduce offshore costs and/or provide incentives to aid in developing offshore wind and clean hydrogen. Incentives offered by the US Federal government (tax credits up to 50 % of cost, $3/kg of hydrogen) could make these projects profitable and will be studied in future phases of the project.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 115115"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142746143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Black start from renewable energy resources: Review and a case study of Great Britain 可再生能源的黑色起点：英国的回顾与案例研究

IF 16.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Pub Date : 2024-11-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2024.115143

Zhongmei Pan , Nick Jenkins , Jianzhong Wu

Black start is the restoration of an electrical power system following a total or partial system shutdown. A loss of supply of this magnitude is a most unusual event but must be anticipated as it has significant societal and economic consequences. Many countries are moving towards a low-carbon electricity system, and the fossil generators that currently provide black start capability are being replaced by renewable energy generators, many of which are individually of limited capacity. This reduction in the number of large conventional generators is leading to a need to reconsider black start practices and to question whether restoration of a de-energized network through a skeleton transmission system should be replaced by establishing multiple power islands each with smaller generating units. Using academic studies and the results of two innovation projects recently completed in Great Britain (GB), this study reviews the established power system black start practices and the participation of renewable energy resources in the black start. After traditional black start practices are reviewed, the challenges and solutions for using renewable energy sources and distributed energy resources to support black start are investigated. Restoration control and planning strategies in academic studies are discussed. Then the evolving power system black start practices in GB are discussed, and the methodologies and findings of two innovative black start projects in GB are reviewed.

黑启动是指电力系统在全部或部分停机后的恢复。这种程度的供电损失是最不寻常的事件，但由于会造成重大的社会和经济后果，因此必须加以防范。许多国家正在向低碳电力系统发展，目前提供黑启动能力的化石发电机正在被可再生能源发电机所取代，其中许多发电机的单机容量有限。大型传统发电机数量的减少导致人们需要重新考虑黑启动的做法，并质疑是否应通过建立多个电力岛（每个电力岛都有较小的发电机组）来取代通过骨架输电系统恢复断电网络的做法。本研究利用学术研究和最近在英国（GB）完成的两个创新项目的成果，回顾了既定的电力系统黑启动实践以及可再生能源参与黑启动的情况。在回顾了传统的黑启动实践后，研究了使用可再生能源和分布式能源资源支持黑启动所面临的挑战和解决方案。讨论了学术研究中的恢复控制和规划策略。然后讨论了国标中不断演变的电力系统黑启动实践，并回顾了国标中两个创新黑启动项目的方法和结果。

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引用次数: 0

Biodesulfurization: Effective and sustainable technologies for biogas hydrogen sulfide removal 生物脱硫：去除沼气硫化氢的有效和可持续技术

IF 16.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Pub Date : 2024-11-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2024.115144

Oluwatunmise Israel Dada , Liang Yu , Shannon Neibergs , Shulin Chen

Biogas is a valuable green energy source. Hydrogen sulfide removal is essential for biogas upgrading for high-end applications. This work provides a comprehensive review of biogas biodesulfurization technologies for industrial applications, focusing on aerobic and anoxic biofilters, biotrickling filters, and bioscrubbers. Key topics include removal mechanisms, system design, performance, operating factors, best-fit applications, and design-based cost analysis. Biodesulfurization technologies are highly efficient, achieving up to 99 % removal efficiency at full scale, particularly in bioscrubbers and biotrickling filters due to improved design configurations. Performance is largely affected by operating conditions and the composition, activity, and robustness of sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms. While kinetic models are widely used to study performance, further research is needed to advance the application of computational fluid dynamics for system modeling. Biodesulfurization technologies prove to be environmentally sustainable and may be more economically viable in large-scale, commercial applications. Reducing energy and packing material replacement costs would further improve economic viability. While biodesulfurization technologies are safe, precautions must be taken to avoid explosion risks from methane/oxygen mixtures and hydrogen sulfide gas poisoning. Ultimately, selecting suitable biodesulfurization technology for industrial applications depends on the volume of biogas to be treated, the choice of sulfur microorganisms, system stability, and the intended biogas end-use.

沼气是一种宝贵的绿色能源。脱除硫化氢对高端应用的沼气升级至关重要。本研究全面综述了工业应用中的沼气生物脱硫技术，重点关注好氧和缺氧生物过滤器、生物闪烁过滤器和生物洗涤器。主要内容包括去除机制、系统设计、性能、运行因素、最佳应用以及基于设计的成本分析。生物脱硫技术具有很高的效率，全规模脱硫效率高达 99%，特别是在生物洗涤器和生物除尘器中，这得益于改进的设计配置。性能在很大程度上受操作条件以及硫氧化微生物的组成、活性和稳健性的影响。虽然动力学模型被广泛用于研究性能，但仍需进一步研究，以推进计算流体动力学在系统建模中的应用。事实证明，生物脱硫技术具有环境可持续性，在大规模商业应用中可能更具经济可行性。降低能源和填料更换成本将进一步提高经济可行性。虽然生物脱硫技术是安全的，但必须采取预防措施，以避免甲烷/氧气混合物的爆炸风险和硫化氢气体中毒。最终，为工业应用选择合适的生物硫化技术取决于需要处理的沼气量、硫微生物的选择、系统稳定性以及预期的沼气最终用途。

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引用次数: 0

Functionalized wood sponges: Advanced biomass materials for renewable energies, freshwater production, energy storage, and environmental remediation 功能化木海绵：用于可再生能源、淡水生产、能源储存和环境修复的先进生物质材料

IF 16.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Pub Date : 2024-11-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2024.115093

Elaheh K. Goharshadi , Siavosh Vojdani Saghir , Zohreh Niazi , Masoomeh Shafaee , Halimeh-Sadat Sajjadizadeh , Mahdi Karimi-Nazarabad , Saeid Peighambari-kalat , Kimiya Goharshadi , Mahdiyeh Nejati , Moeid Asarnia , Maede Khodaparast

Biomass-based materials are crucial for the development of renewable energy and environmental remediation applications. Wood sponge (WS), a porous material with a hierarchically structured architecture, excellent physicochemical stability, large surface area, and low thermal conductivity has shown great potential for practical applications in wastewater treatment, energy storage devices, strain sensors, CO₂ sorption, and freshwater production through desalination of brackish water resources and extraction of water from soil. This study provides an overview of the preparation strategies and characterization of WS, as well as recent impressive applications, with a focus on renewable energy and environmental sustainability. Potential future directions for WS applications, such as its use as an atmospheric water harvesting sorbent, integration into building materials to improve their thermal insulation and energy efficiency, and as a substrate for the growth of microorganisms for bioremediation applications are explored. Finally, the challenges of using WS are discussed.

生物质材料对于开发可再生能源和环境修复应用至关重要。木海绵（WS）是一种多孔材料，具有分层结构、优异的物理化学稳定性、大表面积和低导热性，在废水处理、储能装置、应变传感器、二氧化碳吸附以及通过淡化苦咸水资源和从土壤中提取水而生产淡水等领域的实际应用中显示出巨大的潜力。本研究概述了 WS 的制备策略和表征，以及最近令人印象深刻的应用，重点关注可再生能源和环境可持续性。研究还探讨了 WS 未来的潜在应用方向，如用作大气水收集吸附剂、融入建筑材料以提高隔热性能和能源效率，以及用作微生物生长基质以进行生物修复等。最后，还讨论了使用 WS 所面临的挑战。

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引用次数: 0

Comparative analysis of molten salt electrolytes for solid carbon production 用于固体碳生产的熔盐电解质比较分析

IF 16.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2024.115104

Anafi Nur’aini , Emma Laasonen , Vesa Ruuskanen , Tuomas Koiranen , Pertti Kauranen , Jero Ahola

The excessive amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is a global problem, and thus, the mitigation of carbon dioxide emissions should be an urgent issue. Technically, CO₂ can be converted into valuable solid carbon through electrolysis in a molten salt electrolyte. Although studies have been conducted on the conversion of CO₂ into various morphologies of solid carbon, the molten salt itself has received less attention in the research literature.

Based on the inorganic mixture composition, various molten salts for CO₂ electrolysis are classified into four categories: molten chloride, molten chloride-oxide, molten chloride-carbonate, and molten carbonate. This review aims to fill the gap in the literature by describing the state of the art of each molten salt category with some experimental data collected in previous studies. The exploration is followed by an investigation of the performance, focusing on the efficiency, specific electrical energy consumption, corrosion of electrodes, and the presence of metal elements in the carbon product. The use of molten carbonate eliminates the potential of corrosion from Cl₂ and has a reported Faraday efficiency of up to 94.9%. However, electrode corrosion occurs in all types of molten salt, leading to the presence of metal elements in the solid carbon product. The economic perspective on this CO₂ electrolysis in molten carbonate is also discussed as an important area that should be attended to when considering future potential commercialization. Finally, this review provides guidance on selecting molten salt electrolyte by taking account their advantages and disadvantages.

大气中二氧化碳含量过高是一个全球性问题，因此，减少二氧化碳排放是一个刻不容缓的问题。从技术上讲，通过在熔盐电解质中进行电解，可以将二氧化碳转化为有价值的固体碳。根据无机混合物的组成，用于二氧化碳电解的各种熔盐可分为四类：熔融氯化物、熔融氯氧化物、熔融氯碳酸盐和熔融碳酸盐。本综述旨在通过以往研究中收集的一些实验数据，介绍各类熔盐的最新技术，从而填补文献空白。探讨之后是性能调查，重点是效率、特定电能消耗、电极腐蚀以及碳产品中金属元素的存在。熔融碳酸盐的使用消除了 Cl2 的潜在腐蚀，据报道法拉第效率高达 94.9%。然而，所有类型的熔盐都会发生电极腐蚀，导致固态碳产品中出现金属元素。本综述还讨论了在熔融碳酸盐中电解二氧化碳的经济前景，认为这是考虑未来潜在商业化时应关注的一个重要领域。最后，本综述通过考虑熔盐电解质的优缺点，为选择熔盐电解质提供了指导。

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引用次数: 0

Adoption and spatial distribution disparities of residential plug-in and rooftop photovoltaic systems in Germany 德国住宅插电式和屋顶光伏系统的采用和空间分布差异

IF 16.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2024.115092

Tobias Kraschewski, Maximilian Heumann, Michael H. Breitner

In contrast to residential rooftop photovoltaic systems, plug-in photovoltaic systems offer a significantly lower barrier to entry in terms of upfront costs, installation complexity, and the need for roof space. These attributes make them appealing to a wider demographic and position them as transformative tools in the energy transition, opening opportunities for broader participation in renewable energy and aligning with the growing emphasis on energy justice and inclusivity. Nevertheless, adoption patterns for plug-in PV systems are not well understood, especially given their unique characteristics, which limit the applicability of insights derived from residential rooftop systems. This study addresses this research gap by applying spatial econometric models to investigate plug-in PV system adoption, revealing pronounced disparities. Our findings show that income support recipients are less negatively associated with plug-in PV adoption compared to larger rooftop systems, indicating that the lower upfront costs of plug-in PV systems may reduce financial barriers. Furthermore, the influence of household income on adoption is weaker for plug-in systems, suggesting that these systems may be more accessible to lower-income households. Contrary to expectations, solar radiation plays a less significant role in the adoption of plug-in PV. Additionally, the negative effect of the proportion of rented apartments on adoption is less pronounced for plug-in systems, highlighting their suitability for renters. Regional subsidies have demonstrated a positive impact on plug-in PV adoption, further emphasizing the potential of targeted support programs. Our findings can equip policymakers with the necessary insights to formulate strategies promoting the uptake of plug-in PV systems.

与住宅屋顶光伏系统相比，插入式光伏系统在前期成本、安装复杂性和对屋顶空间的需求等方面的门槛要低得多。这些特性使其对更广泛的人群具有吸引力，并将其定位为能源转型中的变革工具，为更广泛地参与可再生能源提供了机会，并与日益强调的能源公正性和包容性相一致。然而，人们对插电式光伏系统的采用模式还不甚了解，特别是考虑到其独特的特点，这限制了从住宅屋顶系统中得出的见解的适用性。本研究针对这一研究空白，采用空间计量经济模型调查插入式光伏系统的采用情况，揭示了明显的差异。我们的研究结果表明，与大型屋顶系统相比，收入补助领取者与采用插入式光伏系统的负相关较小，这表明插入式光伏系统较低的前期成本可能会减少经济障碍。此外，家庭收入对采用插入式系统的影响较弱，这表明低收入家庭可能更容易采用这些系统。与预期相反，太阳辐射对采用插入式光伏系统的影响较小。此外，租赁公寓的比例对采用插入式系统的负面影响并不明显，这突出表明插入式系统适合租房者。地区补贴对插电式光伏系统的采用产生了积极影响，进一步强调了有针对性的支持计划的潜力。我们的研究结果可以为政策制定者提供必要的见解，帮助他们制定促进插电式光伏系统应用的战略。

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