{"title":"Catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction of wheat straw and chemical profiling of bio-crude oil","authors":"Falguni Pattnaik , Kshanaprava Dhalsamant , Sonil Nanda , Ajay K. Dalai","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.107643","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a central composite design model was generated under response surface methodologies for the hydrothermal liquefaction of the wheat straw by considering the different process variables such as temperature (270–330 °C), reaction time (20–60 min) and feed concentration (5–15 wt%) to optimize the bio-crude oil yield and generate an experimental model. Moreover, at the optimized conditions, different catalysts such as K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>, Fe, ZrO<sub>2</sub>, Fe-K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> and ZrO<sub>2</sub>-K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> were employed for the hydrothermal liquefaction of wheat straw to maximize the bio-crude oil yield and decrease the oxygen content. Among all catalysts, Fe-K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> delivered the highest bio-crude oil yield of 29 wt% with the lowest oxygen content of 14 wt%. The chromatographic analysis established molecular profiling of bio-crude oil samples, which revealed the presence of different phenolic compounds like phenol, 2-methoxy phenol and catechol including other components such as aldehydes, cyclic ketones, octene, hexadecane and octadecane. Spectroscopic and compositional profiling of bio-crude oil revealed different organic functional groups and aromatic compounds essential for the generation of molecular-level reaction mechanisms and subsequent upgrading of bio-crude oil for transportation fuel and various chemicals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":253,"journal":{"name":"Biomass & Bioenergy","volume":"194 ","pages":"Article 107643"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Biomass & Bioenergy","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0961953425000546","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/2/2 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract
In this study, a central composite design model was generated under response surface methodologies for the hydrothermal liquefaction of the wheat straw by considering the different process variables such as temperature (270–330 °C), reaction time (20–60 min) and feed concentration (5–15 wt%) to optimize the bio-crude oil yield and generate an experimental model. Moreover, at the optimized conditions, different catalysts such as K2CO3, Fe, ZrO2, Fe-K2CO3 and ZrO2-K2CO3 were employed for the hydrothermal liquefaction of wheat straw to maximize the bio-crude oil yield and decrease the oxygen content. Among all catalysts, Fe-K2CO3 delivered the highest bio-crude oil yield of 29 wt% with the lowest oxygen content of 14 wt%. The chromatographic analysis established molecular profiling of bio-crude oil samples, which revealed the presence of different phenolic compounds like phenol, 2-methoxy phenol and catechol including other components such as aldehydes, cyclic ketones, octene, hexadecane and octadecane. Spectroscopic and compositional profiling of bio-crude oil revealed different organic functional groups and aromatic compounds essential for the generation of molecular-level reaction mechanisms and subsequent upgrading of bio-crude oil for transportation fuel and various chemicals.
期刊介绍：
Biomass & Bioenergy is an international journal publishing original research papers and short communications, review articles and case studies on biological resources, chemical and biological processes, and biomass products for new renewable sources of energy and materials.
The scope of the journal extends to the environmental, management and economic aspects of biomass and bioenergy.
Key areas covered by the journal:
• Biomass: sources, energy crop production processes, genetic improvements, composition. Please note that research on these biomass subjects must be linked directly to bioenergy generation.
• Biological Residues: residues/rests from agricultural production, forestry and plantations (palm, sugar etc), processing industries, and municipal sources (MSW). Papers on the use of biomass residues through innovative processes/technological novelty and/or consideration of feedstock/system sustainability (or unsustainability) are welcomed. However waste treatment processes and pollution control or mitigation which are only tangentially related to bioenergy are not in the scope of the journal, as they are more suited to publications in the environmental arena. Papers that describe conventional waste streams (ie well described in existing literature) that do not empirically address ''new'' added value from the process are not suitable for submission to the journal.
• Bioenergy Processes: fermentations, thermochemical conversions, liquid and gaseous fuels, and petrochemical substitutes
• Bioenergy Utilization: direct combustion, gasification, electricity production, chemical processes, and by-product remediation
• Biomass and the Environment: carbon cycle, the net energy efficiency of bioenergy systems, assessment of sustainability, and biodiversity issues.
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