Sauropterygian remains from the Middle Triassic of Araif El-Naqa as the first identification of Simosauridae (Eosauropterygia) in Egypt

Abstract

Simosauridae is a Triassic eosauropterygian clade restricted to the western Paleotethys. It is known by relatively abundant cranial and postcranial elements coming mostly from European localities, where the type species, Simosaurus gaillardoti, from the Ladinian (Middle Triassic) of France and Germany, and the recently defined Paludidraco multidentatus, from the Carnian (Late Triassic) of Spain are known, in addition to several simosaurids of undetermined generic and specific attribution. By contrast, it is poorly represented in the Middle East, being known from both Israel and Saudi Arabia by scarce remains of uncertain systematic attribution. The Middle Triassic deposits of Araif El-Naqa, in Egypt, have yielded several sauropterygian remains, so far attributable to the placodont taxa Psephosauriscus sinaiticus and Psephosauriscus rhombifer, as well as to indeterminate nothosaurs. Here, we describe several unpublished vertebral sauropterygian remains from Araif El-Naqa, identifying the presence of the clade Simosauridae for the first time in Egypt and the first simosaurid vertebral remains from the Eastern Mediterranean.