Grid-Forming Control Based on Adaptive Reactive Power Allocation for Offshore Wind Farms Connected to Diode-rectifier-based HVDC System

Abstract

Diode-rectifier-based high-voltage direct current (DR-HVDC) systems are considered an attractive solution for integrating offshore wind farms (OWFs). Grid-forming (GFM) control with a rational reactive power allocation capability is crucial for the safe operation of numerous wind turbines (WTs). Most typical GFM controls aim to share surplus reactive power of the system equally among WTs, easily rendering capacity overloads for WTs that are outputting high levels of active power. In this paper, a novel GFM control for OWFs is proposed, allowing for adaptively allocating the reactive power according to the actual active power output of WTs. Firstly, the reactive power characteristics of the AC collection networks and WTs are analyzed across a wide wind power range. Then, combining the positive correlation of WT active power with the output AC voltage, a Q-θ type GFM control for WTs is presented. The adaptive reactive power allocation mechanism and the parameter design of the Q-θ based reactive power controller are elucidated, ensuring that WTs with lower active power output contribute more reactive power to the system than WTs with higher active power output. The AC impedance models of WTs under various GFM controls are established to evaluate the impact of different reactive power controllers. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed control is validated in PSCAD/EMT-DC, accompanied by stability analysis.