Synthesis and characterization of betaine-based natural deep eutectic solvents for electrochemical application

IF 5.2 2区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Journal of Molecular Liquids Pub Date : 2025-04-15 Epub Date: 2025-02-02 DOI:10.1016/j.molliq.2025.127071

Krzysztof Nowacki , Marcin Wysokowski , Maciej Galiński

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Abstract

Lately, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been taken into detailed consideration as potential electrolytes for use in various electrochemical devices. This study reports a successful synthesis of three novel natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) based on betaine hydrochloride as the hydrogen bond acceptor and glycerol, glycolic acid, and ethylene glycol as hydrogen bond donors. Comprehensive research, including ATR-FTIR, surface tension, rheological properties, and ionic conductivity, revealed that the betaine hydrochloride–ethylene glycol (BETCl⁻:MEG) system exhibited superior physicochemical characteristics. This NADES was subsequently evaluated as an electrolyte in an electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC), demonstrating excellent electrochemical performance with a specific capacitance of 94 F g⁻¹ (0.5 A g⁻¹) and excellent electrochemical stability. Notably, this study represents the first successful application of a betaine hydrochloride-based NADES as a liquid electrolyte in an energy storage device, highlighting its potential as a sustainable alternative to other innovative electrolyte systems, such as deep eutectic solvents based on choline chloride. These findings suggest that betaine-based NADESs hold significant promise for future applications in energy storage technologies.

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甜菜碱基电化学用天然深共晶溶剂的合成与表征

近年来，深共晶溶剂（DESs）作为一种潜在的电解质被广泛应用于各种电化学器件中。以甜菜碱为氢键受体，甘油、乙醇酸和乙二醇为氢键给体，成功合成了三种新型天然深共晶溶剂（NADESs）。综合ATR-FTIR、表面张力、流变性能和离子电导率等研究结果表明，甜菜碱-乙二醇（BETCl−:MEG）体系具有优越的物理化学特性。该NADES随后被评估为电双层电容器（EDLC）中的电解质，具有优异的电化学性能，比电容为94 F g−1 （0.5 a g−1）和优异的电化学稳定性。值得注意的是，这项研究首次成功地将基于甜菜碱的NADES作为液体电解质应用于储能装置，突出了其作为其他创新电解质系统（如基于氯化胆碱的深共晶溶剂）的可持续替代品的潜力。这些发现表明，基于甜菜碱的NADESs在未来的储能技术应用中具有重要的前景。

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来源期刊

Journal of Molecular Liquids 化学-物理：原子、分子和化学物理

CiteScore

10.30

自引率

16.70%

发文量

2597

审稿时长

78 days

期刊介绍： The journal includes papers in the following areas: – Simple organic liquids and mixtures – Ionic liquids – Surfactant solutions (including micelles and vesicles) and liquid interfaces – Colloidal solutions and nanoparticles – Thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals – Ferrofluids – Water, aqueous solutions and other hydrogen-bonded liquids – Lubricants, polymer solutions and melts – Molten metals and salts – Phase transitions and critical phenomena in liquids and confined fluids – Self assembly in complex liquids.– Biomolecules in solution The emphasis is on the molecular (or microscopic) understanding of particular liquids or liquid systems, especially concerning structure, dynamics and intermolecular forces. The experimental techniques used may include: – Conventional spectroscopy (mid-IR and far-IR, Raman, NMR, etc.) – Non-linear optics and time resolved spectroscopy (psec, fsec, asec, ISRS, etc.) – Light scattering (Rayleigh, Brillouin, PCS, etc.) – Dielectric relaxation – X-ray and neutron scattering and diffraction. Experimental studies, computer simulations (MD or MC) and analytical theory will be considered for publication; papers just reporting experimental results that do not contribute to the understanding of the fundamentals of molecular and ionic liquids will not be accepted. Only papers of a non-routine nature and advancing the field will be considered for publication.