Monitoring of resistance or susceptibility of Amblyomma mixtum (Acari: Ixodidae) to synthetic acaricides from Mexico

IF 1.4 Q3 PARASITOLOGY Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI:10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101208

José L. Bravo-Ramos , María G. Sánchez-Otero , Sokani Sánchez-Montes , Luis A. Ortíz-Carbajal

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Abstract

In Mexico, a substantial challenge within cattle industry pertains to the widespread occurrence of Rhipicephalus microplus and Amblyomma mixtum infestation. Various acaricides compounds have been developed to manage these ticks infestation; however, their improper and frequent application has contributed to the emergence of resistant tick strains. However, there is a paucity of data specifically regarding the acaricide resistance status of A. mixtum. For this reason, the aim of this study was to monitor the susceptibility or resistance of A. mixtum to principal synthetic chemical acaricides used in control programme of A.mixtum and identify potential risk factors associated with A. mixtum resistant to ixodicides. Fully engorged adult female A. mixtum ticks were collected from cattle in twenty ranches. Larval packet test (LPT) and larval immersion test (LIT) were performed using discriminating doses (d.d) of ixodicides. The formulations tested were a Phenylpyrazole (fipronil), Organophosphates (coumaphos), Formamidine (amitraz) Synthetic Pyrethroids (cypermethrin) and Macrocyclic Lactones (ivermectin). The resulting phenotype was categorized as either resistant, probable resistant, or susceptible. A strain of A. mixtum collected from a cattle farm in the municipality of Las Choapas exhibited resistance to multiple acaricides, demonstrating diverse mortality levels at the d.d: fipronil (65.3 %), coumaphos (54.3 %), amitraz (52.4 %), and cypermethrin (35.5 %); except for ivermectin, where probable resistance was observed (90.8 %). A total of 50 % (10/20) of A. mixtum strains collected were resistant at least one acaricide evaluated. Furthermore, the strains of A. mixtum evaluated showed a higher frequency of resistance to amitraz. Also, only three strains assessed were susceptible to all acaricides tested. This crucial information will refine strategies for the effective control of ectoparasites.

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墨西哥混合钝蝇（蜱螨：伊蚊科）对合成杀螨剂的抗性或敏感性监测

在墨西哥，养牛业面临的一个重大挑战是广泛发生的微型鼻头虫和双头虫混合侵染。人们开发了各种杀螨剂化合物来控制这些蜱虫的侵扰；然而，它们的不当和频繁使用导致了耐药蜱株的出现。然而，关于混合粉虱对杀螨剂的抗性状况的具体数据缺乏。因此，本研究的目的是监测混合田鼠对混合田鼠防治中常用的主要化学杀虫剂的敏感性和耐药性，并确定混合田鼠对杀虫剂产生抗药性的潜在危险因素。在20个牧场的牛身上采集了完全充血的成年雌性混合蜱。采用区分剂量（d.d）灭蚊剂进行幼虫包试验（LPT）和幼虫浸没试验（LIT）。测试的制剂为苯吡唑（氟虫腈）、有机磷（coumaphos）、甲脒（amitraz）、合成拟除虫菊酯（氯氰菊酯）和大环内酯（伊维菌素）。由此产生的表型被分类为抗性，可能抗性或易感。从拉斯乔帕斯市的一个养牛场采集的一株混合蠓对多种杀螨剂表现出抗性，在杀虫剂中表现出不同的死亡率水平：氟虫腈（65.3%）、康福福（54.3%）、阿米特唑（52.4%）和氯氰菊酯（35.5%）；除伊维菌素外，其可能耐药（90.8%）。50%（10/20）的混合疟蚊对至少一种杀螨剂有抗药性。此外，所测菌株对阿米特拉斯的抗性频率较高。此外，只有三种菌株对所有测试的杀螨剂敏感。这一重要信息将改进有效控制体外寄生虫的战略。

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来源期刊

Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports Multiple-

CiteScore

2.90

自引率

7.10%

发文量

126

审稿时长

97 days

期刊介绍： Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports focuses on aspects of veterinary parasitology that are of regional concern, which is especially important in this era of climate change and the rapid and often unconstrained travel of people and animals. Relative to regions, this journal will accept papers of the highest quality dealing with all aspects of disease prevention, pathology, treatment, epidemiology, and control of parasites within the field of veterinary medicine. Also, case reports will be considered as they add to information related to local disease and its control; such papers must be concise and represent appropriate medical intervention. Papers on veterinary parasitology from wildlife species are acceptable, but only if they relate to the practice of veterinary medicine. Studies on vector-borne bacterial and viral agents are suitable, but only if the paper deals with vector transmission of these organisms to domesticated animals. Studies dealing with parasite control by means of natural products, both in vivo and in vitro, are more suited for one of the many journals that now specialize in papers of this type. However, due to the regional nature of much of this research, submissions may be considered based upon a case being made by the author(s) to the Editor. Circumstances relating to animal experimentation must meet the International Guiding Principles for Biomedical Research Involving Animals as issued by the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (obtainable from: Executive Secretary C.I.O.M.S., c/o W.H.O., Via Appia, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland).