Evaluating fire gas spread in multi-story buildings: A numerical analysis of sprinkler systems in shield fire conditions

Abstract

The study of fire dynamics in multi-story buildings is crucial due to the complexity of smoke and heat accumulation. This numerical analysis utilized the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) software to evaluate the impact of sprinkler systems on controlling both shielded and unshielded fires in a ten-story building with 50 rooms. Key parameters, including temperature and toxic gas concentrations (CO and CO₂), were measured throughout the building. The findings highlighted that CO₂ levels pose a significant risk in multi-story structures. Additionally, the research revealed that the height of the fuel shield affects sprinkler effectiveness: when the fuel bed is centrally or distally located, increased shield height prolongs fire suppression time. In contrast, if the fuel bed is near the door, variations in shield height have minimal impact on extinguishment duration. Importantly, the sprinkler system not only controls the fire but also mitigates the spread of hot and toxic gases to upper floors. Thus, the study underscores the critical role of sprinklers in enhancing fire safety, particularly in scenarios involving shielded fires.