Microplastics in food: Sources, distribution, health impacts, and regulation

Abstract

Microplastics (MPs) refer to microparticles and nanoparticles continuously released during the degradation of plastic waste and the use of plastic products. MP pollution in the environment is particularly persistent, particularly due to the stable and refractory nature of plastic waste. Compared with large plastic particles, MPs are more likely to spread through air, water, and other media, ultimately entering the human body through the food chain. Subsequently, MPs accumulate in a wide range of distributions throughout the body, including the gut, brain, immune system, and respiratory system, leading to chronic inflammation and disease, and even acting as vectors for other pathogens and contaminants that further compromise overall health. However, our understanding of the sources, distribution, detection methods, and human health impacts of MPs in food is limited. In this review, we provide an overview of the sources, environmental distribution, and potential health impacts of MPs in food (marine food, terrestrial food, water sources, and food materials and processing). We also examine strategies for controlling and reducing the accumulation of MPs in food. Finally, we highlight the challenges and prospects for future research. This review provides scientific evidence to support further studies on MPs in food.