The tongue: a bridge between physiology and disorder.

Abstract

The tongue, as a multifunctional organ, exhibits a variety of physiological characteristics as well as pathological alterations. Identifying and understanding these variations is crucial for ensuring an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management. This article explores the main common physiological variations, such as geographic tongue, fissured tongue, etc., as well as pathological conditions, including elementary lesions such as vesicles, bullae, erosions, ulcers, plaques, as well as surface changes (atrophy), color changes (coatings, pigmentation), or even shape alterations (infiltrations). It discusses current diagnostic tools and therapeutic approaches while emphasizing the importance of regular monitoring to prevent complications and maintain optimal oral health.