Mediating Effect of Social Capital on the Association Between Digital Literacy and Life Satisfaction Among Older Adults in South Korea: Cross-Sectional Study.

Abstract

Background: As Korea rapidly transforms into a super-aged society, research indicates that digital literacy among older adults enhances their life satisfaction. Digital literacy refers to the ability to efficiently use digital technologies, encompassing access, competency, and utilization. It reflects the capacity to navigate and benefit from digital environments effectively. Furthermore, social capital positively influences the quality of life, and digital literacy facilitates social capital formation. However, since most studies have only focused on the direct relationship between digital literacy and life satisfaction, research on the mediating role of social capital remains limited.

Objective: To analyze the effect of digital literacy on the life satisfaction of older adults in South Korea and to verify whether social capital acts as a mediating factor in this process.

Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study used data from the 2023 Report on the Digital Divide-an annual survey conducted by the Korean Ministry of Science and Information and Communications Technology. The study targeted individuals aged 65 years or older. Descriptive statistics, the Pearson correlation analyses, and the 3-step multiple regression analysis proposed by Baron and Kenny were performed. The bootstrap method was employed, and all analyses were conducted using R, version 4.4.1.

Results: The study included 869 participants. Digital literacy had a significant positive effect on their life satisfaction (β=0.103; P=.008). Social capital was also positively associated with life satisfaction (β=0.337; P<.001). Mediation analysis showed that digital literacy influenced life satisfaction both directly (β=0.103; P=.006) and indirectly through social capital (β=0.037; P=.03). Bootstrapping confirmed the significance of the indirect effect (β=0.037, 95% CI 0.005-0.070; P=.03). The total effect of digital literacy on life satisfaction was also significant (β=0.140, 95% CI 0.058-0.230; P=.002).

Conclusions: This study analyzed the association between digital literacy, social capital, and life satisfaction among older adults in Korea. We identified that social capital mediates the association between digital literacy and life satisfaction among older adults. These findings indicate that tailored digital literacy programs and support policies that promote social capital formation could help bridge the digital divide and foster social inclusion. These measures would enable older adults to access essential services, reduce social isolation, and enhance health and well-being, ultimately improving the overall quality of life.