Effect of mutual crystallization of poly(butylene adipate) and poly(ε-caprolactone) on spherulitic morphology in multiblock thermo-plastic polyurethanes

Abstract

Thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) based on crystallizable biodegradable polyesters are of significant interest due to their unique mechanical and thermal properties, which depend not only on phase-separated morphology but also on the volume fraction, composition, and local distribution of crystallites in the soft segments. This study investigates the spherulitic structures of multi-block TPUs containing poly (butylene adipate) (PBA) and poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) diols using synchrotron microfocus X-ray scattering, polarized optical microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. The microstructure of melt-crystallized thin films was examined as a function of polymer composition and crystallization temperature. TPU-PBA forms non-banded spherulites exhibiting the metastable β-phase at 25 °C and the stable α-phase at 35 °C. PCL-based TPU films show non-banded spherulites of PCL crystals regardless of the crystallization temperature. TPU-C, containing both PBA and PCL blocks, produces two distinct spherulite types: banded spherulites of α-phase PBA and non-banded spherulites with β-PBA and PCL crystals. For TPU-B, an equimolar blend of TPU-PBA and TPU-PCL, both banded and non-banded spherulites contain all three crystalline phases. Orientational maps from 2D microfocus X-ray diffraction reveal typical fast radial growth along the a-axis for PBA and the b-axis for PCL in non-banded spherulites. However, in banded spherulites of TPU-C and TPU-B, slow growth occurs along the b-axis for PBA and the a-axis for PCL, indicating a 90° switching of growth directions. This phenomenon is attributed to epitaxial matching between the (100) plane of PCL and the (010) plane of β-PBA. In non-banded spherulites, β-PBA and PCL lamellae grow independently with different thicknesses. Conversely, in banded spherulites, the parallel growth of PCL on β-PBA along the slow direction ensures lamellar thickness matching, minimizing surface free energy. Mechanical stress at the PBA-PCL interface generates banding, inducing a β-to-α solid-state transition and converging the melting peaks of α-PBA and PCL.