Laser utilization in outer space: Institutional bottleneck and prospects

Abstract

The application of space technology encompasses not only technological aspects but also legal applications. Establishing international regulations that effectively govern the risks associated with space lasers is crucial to ensure space security and long-term sustainability. Dual-use laser technology has widespread applications within space activities, such as ranging and tracking, security defence, and resource exploitation. The legality of employing lasers in outer space varies depending on intentions, laser thresholds, and behavioural modes, encompassing provisions related to the deployment and use of space weapons and general international laws governing the use of force outlined in UNGA resolutions. However, both legally binding “hard law” measures and non-legally binding “soft law” face challenges when defining, regulating, and restricting the utilization of lasers in outer space. Given the complex circumstances arising from advancements in space laser technology and its applications, relevant international rules should further interpret existing “hard law” while actively reinforcing certainty and enforceability through strengthened implementation of “soft law”. Efforts should be directed towards promoting synergistic interpretation and application of diverse sources within international law frameworks to enhance global effectiveness in governing space security.