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Improving landing stability and terrain adaptability in Lunar exploration with biomimetic lander design and control 利用仿生着陆器的设计和控制提高月球探测的着陆稳定性和地形适应性
IF 3.1 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2024.11.020
Jinyao Zhu , Jia Ma , Jinbao Chen , Chen Wang , Yunfeng Li , Zhihao Fan , Chaoyu Lu
Traditional lunar landers face challenges due to strict flatness requirements at landing sites and the need to avoid complex terrains, which significantly limits their exploration capabilities and success rates. Additionally, their focus on stable landings often compromises their maneuverability, reducing adaptability to various lunar terrains. To address these issues, this study introduces a walkable cat-legged lander (WCLL) inspired by feline landing mechanisms. The WCLL integrates features from both traditional landers and rovers, enabling it to perform high-load landings and navigate effectively across diverse lunar surfaces. It utilizes magnetorheological dampers to dissipate impact energy and employs a soft-landing control method, achieving stable landings under various conditions, including vertical velocities of 3 m/s, payloads of 1280 kg, slopes of 15°, and horizontal disturbances at speeds of 2 m/s. Compared to the Chang'e−3 lander, the WCLL shows a 66.7 % increase in slope adaptability and a 22.6 % improvement in resistance to horizontal disturbances. Finally, experimental validation confirms the accuracy of the simulation model, providing valuable insights for future lunar exploration robot design.
传统的月球着陆器由于对着陆点的平整度有严格要求,而且需要避开复杂地形,因此面临着挑战,这大大限制了它们的探测能力和成功率。此外,它们对稳定着陆的关注往往会影响其机动性,降低对各种月球地形的适应性。为了解决这些问题,本研究受猫科动物着陆机制的启发,推出了可行走猫腿着陆器(WCLL)。WCLL 融合了传统着陆器和漫游车的特点,使其能够执行高负荷着陆,并在各种月球表面有效导航。它利用磁流变阻尼器消散撞击能量,并采用软着陆控制方法,可在各种条件下实现稳定着陆,包括垂直速度 3 米/秒、有效载荷 1280 千克、坡度 15°以及速度 2 米/秒的水平干扰。与嫦娥三号着陆器相比,WCLL的斜坡适应能力提高了66.7%,抗水平干扰能力提高了22.6%。最后,实验验证证实了模拟模型的准确性,为未来月球探测机器人的设计提供了宝贵的启示。
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引用次数: 0
Vision-based navigation and obstacle detection flight results in SLIM lunar landing 基于视觉的导航和障碍物探测飞行实现了 SLIM 月球着陆
IF 3.1 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2024.11.002
Takayuki Ishida , Seisuke Fukuda , Kazuki Kariya , Hiroyuki Kamata , Keiki Takadama , Hirohisa Kojima , Shujiro Sawai , Shinichiro Sakai
On January 20, 2024, Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (SLIM) landed on the Moon. Vision-Based Navigation (VBN) was used to estimate the position of the spacecraft accurately and autonomously during the descent phase, and it was successfully used in each of the seven regions. Obstacle detection was also performed 50 m above the lunar surface, successfully identifying safe points within the field of view of the navigation camera. As a result, SLIM was the first mission to realize pinpoint lunar landing technology with 100 m accuracy. This paper details the VBN operational concept and developed components, as well as the flight results of VBN in SLIM’s lunar landing operations.
2024 年 1 月 20 日,月球探测智能着陆器(SLIM)登陆月球。在下降阶段,使用了基于视觉的导航(VBN)来自主准确地估计航天器的位置,并在七个区域中的每个区域都成功使用了该导航。此外,还在距月球表面 50 米处进行了障碍物探测,成功确定了导航相机视野内的安全点。因此,SLIM 是首次实现精确到 100 米的月球着陆技术的任务。本文详细介绍了 VBN 运行概念和开发的组件,以及 VBN 在 SLIM 月球着陆行动中的飞行结果。
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引用次数: 0
On the two approaches for the combustion instability predictions in a long-flame combustor 长火焰燃烧器燃烧不稳定性预测的两种方法
IF 3.1 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2024.10.069
Xiaokang Liu , Xiaolin Xiang , Xiaoyu Yu , Qingfei Fu , Lijun Yang , Jingxuan Li
This paper presents a detailed comparative analysis and discussion of two typical predictive methods for combustion instability in long flame combustion chambers: the coupled method and the decoupled method. Using large eddy simulation (LES), the coupled method directly predicts stability in typical long flame combustion chambers. In the decoupled method, stability in the combustion chamber is predicted by combining a low-order acoustic network for long flames with flame responses and mean parameters from numerical simulations. The research results indicate that the coupled method provides full-field information, while the decoupled method neglects certain factors, such as the coupling between combustion and acoustics. However, the decoupled method can directly determine combustion instability based on the growth rate of oscillation modes. The flow field undergoes periodic changes, with the region of fluctuation in the combustion heat release rate gradually increasing, resembling vortex development, which ruptures upon encountering the wall due to radial constraints. Furthermore, in the decoupled method, the periodic changes in the flow field are controlled by the frequency of incoming flow disturbances, whereas in the coupled method, they are controlled by the acoustic frequency of the combustion chamber. In the coupled method, the coupling among disturbances and the acoustic disturbances at the boundaries amplifies the disturbances, causing the radial scale of the fluctuation region in the combustion heat release rate to increase along the axial direction and approach a fixed value faster than in the decoupled method.
本文详细比较分析和讨论了两种典型的长火焰燃烧室燃烧不稳定性预测方法:耦合法和解耦法。耦合法使用大涡模拟(LES)直接预测典型长火焰燃烧室的稳定性。在解耦方法中,燃烧室的稳定性是通过结合长火焰的低阶声学网络、火焰响应和数值模拟的平均参数来预测的。研究结果表明,耦合方法提供了全场信息,而解耦方法忽略了某些因素,如燃烧与声学之间的耦合。然而,解耦方法可以根据振荡模式的增长率直接判断燃烧的不稳定性。流场发生周期性变化,燃烧放热率的波动区域逐渐增大,类似于涡旋的发展,由于径向约束,涡旋在遇到壁面时会破裂。此外,在去耦合方法中,流场的周期性变化由流入的流动扰动频率控制,而在耦合方法中,则由燃烧室的声学频率控制。在耦合法中,扰动和边界处的声学扰动之间的耦合放大了扰动,导致燃烧热释放率波动区域的径向尺度沿轴向增加,并比解耦法更快地接近固定值。
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引用次数: 0
Investigation of discharge voltage characteristics of a lanthanum hexaboride heaterless hollow cathode 六硼化镧无加热器空心阴极放电电压特性的研究
IF 3.1 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2024.11.018
Yi-Lung Huang , Jordan H. Hsieh , Wei-Cheng Wang , Yueh-Heng Li
This study investigated the discharge voltage characteristics of an argon-fed lanthanum hexaboride heaterless hollow cathode to assess the influence of flow rate, discharge current, background pressure, and applied magnetic field strength. Decreasing the flow rate from 15 to 3 sccm led to a considerable increase in discharge voltage and peak-to-peak oscillation, particularly for flow rates below 5 sccm. Subsequently, variation in discharge current was tested at 4–7 A; this test revealed that the discharge voltage decreases from 53 to 48 V as the discharge current increases, while the peak-to-peak oscillation increases by approximately 2 V with the rise in discharge current. At high background pressures (8.1 × 10−4 Torr), the discharge voltage decreased by 15 V, and the peak-to-peak oscillation was maintained at 5 V. Furthermore, the spectral analysis of the discharge voltage indicated the occurrence of high-energy oscillations at 10–500 kHz owing to ionization instability. The discharge voltage decreased when the strength of an externally applied axial magnetic field increased from 0 to 118 G. Such a result can be attributed to increased ionization (caused by the applied magnetic field) in the emitter and cathode-keeper region, thereby decreasing sheath potential on the emitter surface.
本研究调查了氩气馈电六硼化镧无加热器空心阴极的放电电压特性,以评估流量、放电电流、背景压力和外加磁场强度的影响。将流速从 15 sccm 降低到 3 sccm 会导致放电电压和峰峰振荡显著增加,尤其是流速低于 5 sccm 时。随后,测试了放电电流在 4-7 A 时的变化;测试显示,随着放电电流的增加,放电电压从 53 V 下降到 48 V,而峰峰振荡则随着放电电流的增加而增加约 2 V。在高背景压力(8.1 × 10-4 托)下,放电电压降低了 15 V,峰-峰振荡保持在 5 V。此外,放电电压的频谱分析表明,由于电离不稳定性,在 10-500 kHz 处出现了高能振荡。当外部施加的轴向磁场强度从 0 G 增加到 118 G 时,放电电压降低。这种结果可归因于发射极和阴极保持区的电离增加(由施加的磁场引起),从而降低了发射极表面的鞘势。
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引用次数: 0
Extreme translational impact of triple-shock configurations of blast waves in a confined volume of an orbital station 爆炸波三重冲击构型在轨道站密闭空间内的极端平移影响
IF 3.1 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2024-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2024.11.017
M.V. Chernyshov, K.E. Savelova
The translational effects of gas streams, which form after the triple-shock configurations at Mach reflection of blast waves with normal main shock (so-called stationary Mach configurations), were analyzed. Unlike in the case of an elevated explosions of fuel as rocket starts in initially stagnant air, which is considered here as a private case, it was supposed that this shock-wave structure moves in a preceding flow with arbitrary velocity (and corresponding flow Mach number). Analyzing relations of the dynamic pressures across the slipstream, which emanates from the triple point of the Mach reflection, it was shown that the flows after the triple-shock configuration usually differ much in their translational action on surrounding objects. It was found and discussed that some configurations drag the objects initially situated above and below the triple-point trajectory in opposite directions. Moreover, the “trigger” structure was found that remains previous flow drag action on the object above the triple-point trajectory, but switches it to exactly opposite one, if the object is situated below the triple point.
对气流的平移效应进行了分析,这些气流是在正常主冲击波(所谓的静止马赫构型)的马赫反射爆炸波的三重冲击构型之后形成的。与火箭在初始停滞空气中启动时燃料高空爆炸的情况不同(这里将其视为一种特殊情况),我们假定这种冲击波结构以任意速度(和相应的气流马赫数)在前面的气流中运动。通过分析从马赫反射的三重点发出的滑流的动态压力关系,可以发现三重冲击波结构后的气流通常在对周围物体的平移作用上有很大差异。研究发现并讨论了某些构型会将最初位于三重点轨迹上方和下方的物体拖向相反的方向。此外,还发现了一种 "触发器 "结构,它可以保持先前对三重冲击点轨迹上方物体的流动拖拽作用,但如果物体位于三重冲击点下方,则将其切换为完全相反的拖拽作用。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of particle size on gasification of solid fuel in a low-temperature gas generator 粒度对低温气体发生器中固体燃料气化的影响
IF 3.1 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2024-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2024.11.016
M.V. Salganskaya, A. Yu Zaichenko, D.N. Podlesniy, M.V. Tsvetkov, Yu Yu Tsvetkova, E.A. Salgansky
The work is devoted to the study of gasification of porous material under the conditions of a gas generator of a propulsion system. A low-temperature gas generator for producing combustible gases can be included in a solid fuel engine. The effect of urotropine particle size on the characteristics of its gasification under the conditions of a low-temperature gas generator was experimentally studied. For this purpose, urotropine particles of various fractions were used: 2–3, 3–5, 5–7 and 7–10 mm. It is shown that there is a particle size value above which the gasification characteristics are practically independent of this parameter. The effect of particle size on gasification characteristics only appears for particle size values below a certain size. This is explained by a decrease in the permeability of the porous bed as the particle size decreases.
这项工作致力于研究多孔材料在推进系统气体发生器条件下的气化。用于产生可燃气体的低温气体发生器可包含在固体燃料发动机中。实验研究了乌洛托品颗粒大小对其在低温气体发生器条件下气化特性的影响。为此,我们使用了不同馏分的乌洛托品颗粒:2-3、3-5、5-7 和 7-10 毫米。结果表明,在某一粒度值之上,气化特性实际上与该参数无关。粒度对气化特性的影响只出现在低于某一粒度值时。这是因为多孔床的渗透性随着颗粒尺寸的减小而减小。
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引用次数: 0
Corrigendum to ‘Orbit determination for spacecraft with continuous low-thrust using nonsingular Thrust-Fourier-Coefficients and filtering-through approach’ [Acta Astronaut. 224 November 2024, 353–366, AA_10602] 利用非正弦推力-傅里叶系数和滤过法确定连续低推力航天器的轨道"[Acta Astronaut. 224 November 2024, 353-366, AA_10602] 更正
IF 3.1 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2024.10.068
Jidan Zhang , Tinglei Zhu , Changyin Zhao
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引用次数: 0
In-flight calibration of the MEDA-TIRS instrument onboard NASA's Mars2020 mission 美国国家航空航天局火星 2020 飞行任务搭载的 MEDA-TIRS 仪器的飞行中校准
IF 3.1 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2024.11.015
Eduardo Sebastián , Germán Martínez , Miguel Ramos , Michael D. Smith , Verónica Peinado , Luis Mora , Mark T. Lemmon , Álvaro de Vicente-Retortillo , Javier de Lucas , Ricardo Ferrándiz , José A. Rodríguez-Manfredi
This article describes a novel procedure and algorithm used for the in-flight calibration of the Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) onboard the Mars 2020 mission. The purpose is to recalibrate the responsivity of TIRS’ IR detectors as they degrade following surface operations and exposure to harsh environmental conditions. Using data from in-flight calibration campaigns conducted through sol 800 of this mission, we report the time evolution of the responsivity for the different IR detectors, as well as the final performance achieved by the algorithm in the real operating environment. Moreover, we analyzed changes in responsivity as a function of TIRS geometric design and environmental factors, e.g., detector orientation, direct exposure to prevailing winds and solar radiation, electrostatic properties of the detector filter, and atmospheric dust concentration. We concluded that dust deposition on the detectors' filter during landing, and later during operation is the most likely cause of the degradation observed in the various channels, with gravitational sedimentation and the capacity of the filters to accumulate electrostatic charge being key factors. The relative and absolute degradation of the TIRS is similar to those reported by other Martian missions and instruments with similar orientations, and to date, it has shown no signs of cleaning after more than a year on the surface of Mars. Accounting for changes in responsivity during the mission is critical to maintaining the reliability of TIRS measurements, which will later be made available in NASA's Planetary Data System for the benefit of the scientific community.
本文介绍了一种新的程序和算法,用于对火星2020任务中搭载的热红外传感器(TIRS)进行飞行中校准。目的是重新校准热红外传感器的红外探测器,因为它们在地面运行和暴露在恶劣环境条件下后会退化。我们利用该任务第 800 解期间进行的飞行校准活动的数据,报告了不同红外探测器响应率的时间演变,以及该算法在实际操作环境中实现的最终性能。此外,我们还分析了响应率的变化与 TIRS 几何设计和环境因素(如探测器方向、直接暴露于盛行风和太阳辐射、探测器滤波器的静电特性以及大气尘埃浓度)的函数关系。我们得出的结论是,在着陆过程中以及后来的运行过程中,探测器滤波器上的灰尘沉积最有可能是导致在不同通道中观测到的衰减的原因,而重力沉积和滤波器积累静电荷的能力则是关键因素。红外热像仪的相对和绝对衰减与其他火星任务和具有类似方向的仪器所报告的衰减情况相似,迄今为止,在火星表面运行一年多之后,红外热像仪还没有显示出清洁的迹象。考虑到飞行任务期间响应性的变化对于保持 TIRS 测量的可靠性至关重要,这些测量结果随后将提供给美国航天局的行星数据系统,供科学界使用。
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引用次数: 0
Robust solar sail trajectories using proximal policy optimization 利用近端策略优化实现稳健的太阳帆轨迹
IF 3.1 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2024.10.065
Christian Bianchi, Lorenzo Niccolai, Giovanni Mengali
Reinforcement learning is used to design minimum-time trajectories of solar sails subject to the typical sources of uncertainty associated with such a propulsion system, i.e., inaccurate knowledge of the sail’s optical properties and the presence of wrinkles on the sail membrane. A proximal policy optimization (PPO) algorithm is used to train the agent and derive the control policy that associates the optimal sail attitude with each dynamic state. First, the agent is trained assuming deterministic unperturbed dynamics, and the results are compared with optimal solutions found by an indirect optimization method, thus demonstrating the effectiveness of this approach. Next, two stochastic scenarios are analysed. In the first, the optical coefficients of the sail are assumed to be random variables with Gaussian distribution, which leads to random variations in the sail characteristic acceleration. In the second scenario, wrinkles on the sail membrane are taken into account, resulting in a misalignment of the thrust vector with respect to a perfectly smooth surface. Both phenomena are modelled based on experimental measurements available in the literature in order to perform realistic analyses. In the stochastic scenarios, Monte Carlo simulations are performed using the trained policies, demonstrating that the reinforcement learning approach is capable of finding near time-optimal solutions, while also being robust to the sources of uncertainty considered.
强化学习用于设计太阳帆的最短时间轨迹,但这种推进系统具有典型的不确定性来源,即对太阳帆光学特性的不准确了解以及帆膜上是否存在褶皱。我们使用近端策略优化(PPO)算法来训练代理,并推导出将最佳风帆姿态与每个动态状态相关联的控制策略。首先,假设确定性的无扰动动态对代理进行训练,并将结果与间接优化方法找到的最优解进行比较,从而证明这种方法的有效性。接下来,分析了两种随机情况。在第一种情况下,假设风帆的光学系数是高斯分布的随机变量,这会导致风帆特性加速度的随机变化。在第二种情况下,考虑到帆膜上的褶皱会导致推力矢量相对于完全光滑表面的偏差。这两种现象都是根据文献中的实验测量结果建模的,以便进行实际分析。在随机情况下,使用训练有素的策略进行蒙特卡罗模拟,证明强化学习方法能够找到接近时间最优的解决方案,同时对所考虑的不确定性来源具有鲁棒性。
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引用次数: 0
Effective compliance to technical regulations - Why is compliance to the orbital debris mitigation rules so poor? 有效遵守技术条例--为什么遵守轨道碎片缓减规则的情况如此糟糕?
IF 3.1 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2024.11.013
David B. Spencer , Didier Alary , Valentin Eder , Peter Martinez , Stijn Lemmens , Kawamoto Satomi , Morgane Lecas , Jose María Hermoso
Adherence to debris mitigation guidelines is critical for future robust space traffic management (STM). Debris mitigation guidelines are reviewed and their effectiveness at managing the space object population are contrasted against the means to comply with the guidelines. Specific concerns related to the deployment of large constellations are detailed to provide potential trade-offs for consideration in enhanced tracking systems to enable safe and efficient STM practices. The balance between reducing future debris deposition and minimizing the operational burden on satellites to maintain reliable operations are examined.
遵守碎片缓减准则对于未来强有力的空间交通管理(STM)至关重要。对碎片缓减准则进行了审查,并将其在管理空间物体群方面的有效性与遵守准则的手段进行了对比。详细介绍了与部署大型星座有关的具体问题,以提供潜在的权衡,供增强型跟踪系统考虑,从而实现安全高效的空间交通管理实践。研究了减少未来碎片沉积与尽量减轻卫星运行负担以保持可靠运行之间的平衡。
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引用次数: 0
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Acta Astronautica
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