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Exploring potential candidates of alternative solid hydrocarbon propellants for cold-gas thrusters 探索冷气体推进器替代固体碳氢化合物推进剂的潜在候选者
IF 3.1 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2024.10.047
Cold-gas thrusters play a vital role as a subsystem in satellite operations facilitating space maneuvers in numerous missions. Achieving optimal propulsion necessitates not only continuous development of thruster design but also an exploration of novel propellant options to enhance overall performance. While an ideal propellant remains elusive, many studies have identified alternative options to replace commonly used inert gases. Choosing a solid-state propellant offers benefits such as the absence of a pressurised tank and sloshing effect. Hydrocarbon propellants are advantageous due to their non-corrosiveness and abundance as organic compounds on Earth. The sublimation process for manipulating solid propellants typically requires only a few watts, making it suitable for low-power budget missions. This work presents five solid hydrocarbon propellants for cold-gas thrusters, three of which have not yet been experimentally explored. The comparison between various aspects, including mass flow rate, power consumption, and several key performance parameters, is discussed. The measured mass flow rate is a function of the species and temperature, following the trend of the vapour pressure. The power consumption for all propellants only depends on the required heating temperature as they share similar thermal properties. The thrust generated by each propellant is comparable and linearly proportional to the mass flow rate when the flow is choked. Specific impulse remains relatively constant across different mass flow rates due to the strong correlation between thrust and mass flow rate. The thrust-to-power ratio is generally comparable among the propellants, except hexamine, which demands more power at higher operating temperatures due to increased heat loss. Among these alternatives, camphor emerges as the most promising candidate due to its low power consumption, thrust generation, and mass efficiency. On the other hand, naphthalene offers the best in terms of its superior thrust-to-power ratio and cost-per-kilogram advantage.
冷气体推进器作为卫星运行中的一个子系统,在众多任务中为空间机动提供了便利,发挥着至关重要的作用。要实现最佳推进效果,不仅需要不断开发推进器设计,还需要探索新的推进剂选择,以提高整体性能。虽然理想的推进剂仍然遥不可及,但许多研究已经确定了替代常用惰性气体的备选方案。选择固态推进剂有很多好处,例如不需要加压罐和荡动效应。碳氢化合物推进剂因其不腐蚀性和在地球上大量存在的有机化合物而具有优势。操纵固体推进剂的升华过程通常只需要几瓦的功率,因此适用于低功率预算任务。本研究介绍了五种用于冷气体推进器的固体碳氢化合物推进剂,其中三种尚未进行过实验探索。讨论了各方面的比较,包括质量流量、功耗和几个关键性能参数。测得的质量流量是种类和温度的函数,与蒸汽压力的趋势一致。所有推进剂的功耗只取决于所需的加热温度,因为它们具有相似的热特性。每种推进剂产生的推力都相当,并且在阻塞流量时与质量流量成线性比例。由于推力与质量流量之间存在很强的相关性,因此在不同的质量流量下,比冲保持相对恒定。除六胺外,其他推进剂的推力功率比基本相当,六胺在较高的工作温度下由于热损失增加而需要更多的功率。在这些替代品中,樟脑因其低功耗、低推力和质量效率而成为最有前途的候选者。另一方面,萘在推力-功率比和每公斤成本优势方面表现最佳。
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引用次数: 0
Mesenchymal stem cell transplant as an intervention to ameliorate disuse-induced muscle atrophy in a mouse model of simulated microgravity 间充质干细胞移植作为一种干预措施,可改善小鼠模拟微重力模型中由废用引起的肌肉萎缩
IF 3.1 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2024.10.060

Background

The hindlimb unloaded (HU) mouse model exhibits disuse-induced muscle atrophy. However, effective interventions remain elusive. We investigated the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) transplant on muscle decline in HU mice.

Methods

We divided 4-month-old male c57BL/6j mice into controls and HU mice treated with PBS as placebo (HU-PBS) or MSCs (HU-MSC; one million cells/100 μl PBS into gastrocnemius muscles once a week) for three weeks. We measured muscle mass, grip strength, and an unbiased transcriptome analysis of gastrocnemius muscles.

Results

MSC treatment prevented muscle atrophy and improved grip strength in HU mice. Transcriptome analysis revealed MSC-induced unique (557 genes) and differential (1214 genes) expressions of several genes compared to the HU-PBS group. GO and KEGG term analysis revealed an HU-induced downregulation of pathways associated with the regulation of contractile apparatus, neuromuscular junction, and satellite cell function, which were partly reversed with MSC treatment. Lastly, MSC treatment also upregulated the pathways controlling muscle differentiation and growth in the HU mice.

Conclusion

Altogether, we report the therapeutic potential of MSCs in treating disuse-induced muscle atrophy and weakness. Our study may help unravel novel molecular mechanisms involved in MSCs-induced muscle restoration.
背景后肢无负荷(HU)小鼠模型表现出失用引起的肌肉萎缩。然而,有效的干预措施仍然难以捉摸。我们将4个月大的雄性c57BL/6j小鼠分为对照组和用PBS作为安慰剂(HU-PBS)或间充质干细胞(HU-MSC;100万个细胞/100微升PBS注入腓肠肌,每周一次)治疗的HU小鼠,为期三周。我们测量了肌肉质量、握力,并对腓肠肌进行了无偏见的转录组分析。转录组分析显示,与HU-PBS组相比,间充质干细胞诱导了多个基因的独特表达(557个基因)和差异表达(1214个基因)。GO和KEGG术语分析显示,HU诱导的与调节收缩器、神经肌肉接头和卫星细胞功能相关的通路下调,而间叶干细胞治疗可部分逆转这些下调。最后,间充质干细胞治疗还上调了控制HU小鼠肌肉分化和生长的通路。我们的研究可能有助于揭示间充质干细胞诱导肌肉恢复的新分子机制。
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引用次数: 0
Penetration based lunar regolith thermal conductivity inversion: Method and verification 基于穿透的月球沉积物热导率反演:方法与验证
IF 3.1 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2024.10.030
Based on the temperature change data of the penetrator, to achieve in-situ detection of the thermal conductivity of the lunar regolith profile, it is necessary to establish a heat conduction model between the penetrator and the lunar regolith. This study simplifies the heat conduction model of the complex shaped penetrator through simulation analysis results. Then, we proposed a thermal conductivity inversion method based on the transient thermal cylinder source model. The thermal diffusion test was carried out under normal temperature and pressure on a standard reference object with known thermal conductivity and the thermal conductivity inversion work was completed, which verified the feasibility of the inversion method. Then, we completed the thermal diffusion test of the penetrator and the lunar regolith simulant under the simulated low-temperature vacuum environment of the lunar surface, and carried out the thermal conductivity inversion of the lunar regolith simulant based on the thermal diffusion test data, which proved that the proposed thermal inversion method is applicable for the lunar regolith under the low-temperature vacuum. Finally, the thermal conductivity test was conducted on icy lunar regolith simulant with different water contents and a thermal diffusion test in a vacuum low-temperature environment was carried out. The thermal conductivity inversion was completed using the same method, which proved that the inversion method is suitable for icy lunar regolith simulant.
根据穿透器的温度变化数据,要实现对月球岩石剖面导热性能的原位探测,就必须建立穿透器与月球岩石之间的热传导模型。本研究通过模拟分析结果简化了复杂形状穿透器的热传导模型。然后,我们提出了一种基于瞬态热圆柱源模型的导热反演方法。在已知导热系数的标准参考物体上进行了常温常压下的热扩散试验,并完成了导热系数反演工作,验证了反演方法的可行性。然后,我们在模拟的月面低温真空环境下完成了穿透器和月球岩石模拟物的热扩散试验,并根据热扩散试验数据对月球岩石模拟物进行了热导率反演,证明所提出的热反演方法适用于低温真空环境下的月球岩石。最后,对不同含水量的冰质月球岩石模拟物进行了导热试验,并进行了真空低温环境下的热扩散试验。用同样的方法完成了热导率反演,证明反演方法适用于冰质月球岩石模拟物。
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引用次数: 0
DIANA: An underwater analog space mission DIANA:水下模拟太空任务
IF 3.1 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2024.10.044
The DIANA mission represents an underwater analog space mission designed to simulate and study the impact of long-duration spaceflight and extraterrestrial habitation on crew performance, psychosocial dynamics, and technological systems. The mission utilized an underwater habitat, the Hydronaut H03 DeepLab, to mimic the isolated, confined, and extreme (ICE) environment of space. Over eight days, a six-member crew lived and worked in underwater (3) and water surface (3) habitats, performing scientific experiments and operational tasks. The mission schedule encompassed a variety of activities such as drone exploration, extravehicular activities (EVAs), soil sampling, and media interactions, culminating in a simulated departure from the lunar surface. Data collection methods included continuous biomedical monitoring, cognitive task assessments, and sociomapping to analyze team communication and cooperation. This paper provides an overview of the mission architecture and outcomes, offering valuable insights into the challenges of future human space exploration and informing improvements in crew selection, training, and support systems.
DIANA 任务是一项水下模拟空间任务,旨在模拟和研究长期太空飞行和地外居住对乘员表现、社会心理动态和技术系统的影响。这次任务利用一个水下栖息地--Hydronaut H03 DeepLab--来模拟孤立、封闭和极端(ICE)的太空环境。在八天时间里,六名机组人员在水下(3 个)和水面(3 个)栖息地生活和工作,执行科学实验和操作任务。任务安排包括各种活动,如无人机探索、舱外活动(EVA)、土壤取样和媒体互动,最后是模拟离开月球表面。数据收集方法包括持续的生物医学监测、认知任务评估以及分析团队交流与合作的社会绘图。本文概述了这次任务的结构和成果,对未来人类太空探索的挑战提供了宝贵的见解,并为改进乘员选拔、培训和支持系统提供了信息。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamic simulation of cargo transport along cislunar suspension tether by single node coupling model 用单节点耦合模型动态模拟顺星悬挂系链的货物运输
IF 3.1 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2024.10.050
A cislunar suspension tether (CST) is a kind of ultra-long tether anchored to the lunar surface and extends to the vicinity of the Earth, looks like hanging to the Moon, could be used as cislunar pathway for interstellar freightage easier. Its feasibility on material mechanics and dynamics has been verified by the authors. This paper focuses on the process of the cargo transport along the CST. A single coupling model is established, which couples the cargo with one single node of the discrete CST model. Merely the interactive force between the coupled node and cargo is considered, with a proper definition description of the cargo's velocity along the CST. The description defines the direction of the cargo's velocity to the next one node on the CST all the time. The dynamic equations of the whole system are established based on afore stipulations. Several examples will be simulated and presented, their results will prove the effectiveness of the single coupling model, while, reflect some interesting phenomena of the CST's work. This paper also explains the advantage of the model by contrasting to some other models with multi nodes actions to the cargo.
彗星悬挂系绳(CST)是一种锚定在月球表面并延伸至地球附近的超长系绳,看起来就像挂在月球上一样,可用作星际货运更便捷的彗星通道。作者已从材料力学和动力学角度验证了其可行性。本文的重点是沿 CST 的货物运输过程。本文建立了一个单一耦合模型,将货物与离散 CST 模型的一个节点耦合在一起。本文仅考虑了耦合节点与货物之间的相互作用力,并对货物沿 CST 的速度进行了适当的定义描述。该描述定义了货物一直到 CST 上下一个节点的速度方向。整个系统的动态方程是根据上述规定建立的。本文将模拟并展示几个实例,其结果将证明单一耦合模型的有效性,同时反映出 CST 工作中的一些有趣现象。本文还通过对比其他一些对货物有多节点作用的模型,解释了该模型的优势。
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引用次数: 0
Stable configuration design for libration point gravitational wave observatory 天平点引力波观测站的稳定配置设计
IF 3.1 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2024.10.008
The Sun-Earth L2 libration point configuration is one of the options for space-based gravitational wave detection. Long-term configuration stability is crucial for high-precision measurements, challenged by the strong nonlinear dynamics of the Sun-Earth three-body system. This paper proposes an efficient design method and determines the feasible parameter domain for the libration point gravitational wave observatory. First, the dynamic model for the libration point configuration is established, and the stability indexes are defined. The sensitive parameters that affect the relative geometric configuration are discussed and the phase angle is found to be the key factor. Then, an efficient design method is proposed, and the procedure is divided into two steps. The phase angle of the Earth phase offset orbit and the libration point configuration are optimized successively. Finally, the proposed method is applied to the LAGRANGE mission concept. The results show that the three stability indexes decrease by 59%, 42% and 23%, respectively. Moreover, a mapping between configuration parameters and stability indexes is established. The feasible parameter domain for the stable libration point configuration is discussed. The feasible amplitudes domain in the x and z directions of the libration point orbit should be less than 6200 km and 42000 km, respectively, to guarantee configuration stability. This research could provide a reference for the stable design and implementation of gravitational wave detection missions utilizing libration point configuration in the future.
太阳-地球 L2 天平点配置是天基引力波探测的选项之一。由于日地三体系统具有很强的非线性动力学特性,长期的配置稳定性对高精度测量至关重要。本文提出了一种高效的设计方法,并确定了天平点引力波观测站的可行参数域。首先,建立了天枰点构型的动力学模型,并定义了稳定性指标。讨论了影响相对几何构型的敏感参数,发现相位角是关键因素。然后,提出了一种高效的设计方法,并将设计过程分为两个步骤。先后优化了地球相位偏移轨道的相位角和天平点配置。最后,将提出的方法应用于 LAGRANGE 任务概念。结果表明,三个稳定性指数分别降低了 59%、42% 和 23%。此外,还建立了配置参数与稳定性指数之间的映射关系。讨论了稳定的天平点配置的可行参数域。为保证构型的稳定性,秤锤点轨道 x 和 z 方向的可行振幅域应分别小于 6200 千米和 42000 千米。该研究可为未来利用 "秤锤点 "构型稳定设计和实施引力波探测任务提供参考。
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引用次数: 0
A novel physics-based computational framework to model spacecraft solar array power under degradation: Application to European Space Agency (ESA) Cluster mission 基于物理学的新型计算框架,用于模拟退化情况下的航天器太阳能电池阵列功率:欧洲航天局(ESA)集群任务的应用
IF 3.1 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2024.10.052
Accurate modeling and simulation (M&S) of spacecraft solar array power under degradation is essential for mission planning, remaining useful life assessment, and lifetime extension. A relevant example is ESA’s Cluster spacecraft fleet, launched in 2000 and operated at the European Space Operation Centre (ESOC), whose solar arrays have suffered severe degradation due to space radiation that has caused challenges to routine operations and mission planning. However, currently available physics-based and machine learning models have been proven ineffective in modeling the drastic reduction in power generation over the long operational life of the spacecraft.
In response to these limitations, this work introduces a framework to model solar array degradation and predict power generation. It embeds a novel simplified physics-based model and a meta-heuristic optimization algorithm which exploits domain-specific knowledge and monitoring data for robust model parameter calibration and accurate power generation predictions. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach in avoiding overfitting and providing an accurate estimate of Cluster solar array power evolution.
航天器太阳能电池阵列功率衰减情况的精确建模和仿真(M&S)对于飞行任务规划、剩余使用寿命评估和寿命延长至关重要。一个相关的例子是欧空局于 2000 年发射并在欧洲空间运行中心(ESOC)运行的 Cluster 航天器群,其太阳能电池阵列因空间辐射而严重退化,给日常运行和任务规划带来了挑战。然而,目前可用的物理模型和机器学习模型已被证明无法有效模拟航天器在长期运行期间发电量的急剧下降。它嵌入了一个新颖的简化物理模型和一个元启发式优化算法,该算法利用特定领域的知识和监测数据进行稳健的模型参数校准和准确的发电量预测。结果表明,所提出的方法能有效避免过拟合,并能准确估计簇状太阳能电池阵的功率变化。
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引用次数: 0
Machine learning-based synthesis of diagnostic algorithms for electromechanical actuators to improve the aerospace flight safety 基于机器学习的机电致动器诊断算法合成,提高航空航天飞行安全性
IF 3.1 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2024.10.054
The relevance of research aimed at developing diagnostic technologies for electromechanical actuators is due to the need to improve flight safety in conditions of increasing intensity of highly electrified aircraft and spacecraft operations. The paper discusses one of the promising approaches to electromechanical actuator health management, which involves the use of machine learning methods to synthesize health monitoring algorithms. Machine learning methods make it possible to build classification models based on empirical data, which are used to generate recommendations for making operational decisions. Empirical data, which is a source of valuable experience and the basis of a training sample necessary for formalizing patterns in classification models, can be formed as a result of life tests, mathematical modeling, and actuator operation. In order to improve the safety of space flights, the article focuses on the integration of electromechanical actuator mathematical model methods, optimal space filling, and machine learning. Optimal space filling methods are used to reduce the computational costs associated with representative training sampling. Examples of developing classification models are given to determine failures associated with changes in gear (backlash, Coulomb friction and viscous friction) which is the most critical actuator link. As a result of computational studies, the main advantages of the proposed approach to the synthesis of electromechanical actuator health assessment algorithms are shown.
旨在开发机电致动器诊断技术的研究之所以具有现实意义,是因为在高度电气化的飞机和航天器运行强度不断增加的条件下,需要提高飞行安全性。本文讨论了机电致动器健康管理的一种有前途的方法,其中涉及使用机器学习方法来合成健康监测算法。机器学习方法可以根据经验数据建立分类模型,用于生成操作决策建议。经验数据是宝贵经验的来源,也是建立分类模型所需的训练样本的基础。为了提高太空飞行的安全性,文章重点介绍了机电致动器数学模型方法、最优空间填充和机器学习的整合。优化空间填充方法用于降低与代表性训练采样相关的计算成本。文章举例说明了如何开发分类模型,以确定与齿轮变化(反向间隙、库仑摩擦和粘性摩擦)相关的故障,这是最关键的致动器环节。计算研究的结果表明,所提出的综合机电致动器健康评估算法的方法具有主要优势。
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引用次数: 0
Modeling the elastic–plastic contact forces and deformations of nonrotationally symmetric lunar dust particles 非旋转对称月球尘埃粒子的弹塑性接触力和变形建模
IF 3.1 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2024.10.059
<div><div>The sharp morphological features of lunar dust particles generate significant elastic–plastic contact forces and deformations upon contact with material surfaces, which considerably affect the mechanical properties of lunar dust particles, including their contact, collision, adhesion, transport, and wear characteristics. Despite these severe effects, valid models considering the contact characteristics of typical sharp-featured lunar dust particles are currently lacking. This study proposes an elastic–plastic contact model for nonrotationally symmetric lunar dust particles showing typical sharp features. Detailed derivations of the expressions for various physical responses observed when lunar dust particles establish normal contacts with elastic and elastic–plastic half-spaces under adhesive conditions are also provided. These include derivations for elastic forces, elastic–plastic forces, contact areas, pull-off forces, residual displacements, and plastic deformation areas. Furthermore, the tangential pull-off force during the tangential loading of lunar dust particles is derived, and the tangential contact characteristics are explored. Comparisons of the results of the proposed model with those of previous experiments reveal that the proposed model shows errors of only 6.06 % and 1.03 % in the maximum indentation depth and residual displacement, respectively. These errors are substantially lower than those of conventional spherical models (60.30 % and 60.13 %, respectively), confirming the superior accuracy of the proposed model. Furthermore, the discrete element method is employed to analyze the effects of normal and tangential contacts, dynamic characteristics, and plastic deformations on the considered lunar dust particles. The results are then compared with those of existing contact models. They reveal that maximum elastic–plastic forces under normal contact conditions are positively correlated with the initial velocity but negatively correlated with the lateral angle. Furthermore, the tangential pull-off force is positively correlated with the normal force and surface energy. In addition, the contact duration of lunar dust particles is positively correlated with their initial velocities, while the residual displacement is negatively correlation. For instance, as the initial velocity increases from 10 to 50 m/s, the maximum elastic–plastic force increases from 37.64 to 321.72 mN. Comparisons of the proposed model with other contact models reveal that the maximum elastic–plastic force of the elastic–plastic triangular pyramid model is only 14.93 % that of the cylindrical model, 34.23 % that of the spherical model, and 76.27 % that of the conical model, indicating significant reductions in the maximum elastic–plastic force owing to the plastic deformations of particles with typical sharp features. Overall, the results of this study offer crucial insights into the mechanical characteristics of nonspherical lunar dust particles under
月球尘埃粒子的尖锐形态特征会在与材料表面接触时产生巨大的弹塑性接触力和变形,从而严重影响月球尘埃粒子的机械特性,包括其接触、碰撞、粘附、传输和磨损特性。尽管存在这些严重影响,但目前还缺乏考虑典型尖锐特征月球尘埃粒子接触特性的有效模型。本研究针对呈现典型尖锐特征的非旋转对称月球尘埃粒子,提出了一种弹塑性接触模型。研究还详细推导了月球尘埃粒子在粘附条件下与弹性和弹塑性半空间建立法向接触时观察到的各种物理反应的表达式。其中包括弹性力、弹塑性力、接触面积、拉脱力、残余位移和塑性变形面积的推导。此外,还推导了月球尘埃粒子切向加载时的切向拉脱力,并探讨了切向接触特性。将所建模型的结果与之前的实验结果进行比较后发现,所建模型在最大压痕深度和残余位移方面的误差分别仅为 6.06 % 和 1.03 %。这些误差大大低于传统球形模型的误差(分别为 60.30 % 和 60.13 %),证实了所提出模型的卓越精度。此外,还采用离散元方法分析了法向和切向接触、动态特性和塑性变形对所考虑的月球尘埃粒子的影响。分析结果与现有的接触模型进行了比较。结果显示,正常接触条件下的最大弹塑性力与初始速度呈正相关,但与横向角度呈负相关。此外,切向拉脱力与法向力和表面能呈正相关。此外,月球尘埃粒子的接触持续时间与其初速度呈正相关,而残余位移则呈负相关。例如,当初始速度从 10 m/s 增加到 50 m/s 时,最大弹塑性力从 37.64 mN 增加到 321.72 mN。将所提出的模型与其他接触模型进行比较后发现,弹性三角形金字塔模型的最大弹塑性力仅为圆柱形模型的 14.93%,球形模型的 34.23%,圆锥形模型的 76.27%,这表明由于具有典型尖锐特征的颗粒发生塑性变形,最大弹塑性力显著降低。总之,本研究的结果为非球形月球尘埃粒子在各种接触条件(如弹塑性接触和粘着接触)下的力学特性提供了重要的启示,可为月球表面的原地资源利用和飞船着陆提供指导。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of hydrogen peroxide catalyst grain size on performance and ageing 过氧化氢催化剂晶粒尺寸对性能和老化的影响
IF 3.1 2区 物理与天体物理 Q1 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2024.10.046
Two different diameters of Pt/Al2O3 spherical catalysts (1 mm and 2 mm) for HTP 98 % decomposition were tested to compare the catalytic activity and catalyst ageing. Comparable decomposition performance efficiencies were obtained during thruster-like tests in a catalytic decomposition setup, even though the 1-mm showed a better reactivity and temperature rising time, including in cold-start operation. However, a rapid physical degradation accompanied by pressure peaks observed throughout testing of the 1-mm catalyst led to damage of the catalyst and apparition of fines, causing partial clogging of the bed.
为比较催化活性和催化剂老化情况,对用于 HTP 98% 分解的两种不同直径的 Pt/Al2O3 球形催化剂(1 毫米和 2 毫米)进行了测试。在催化分解装置中进行类似推进器的测试时,尽管 1 毫米的催化剂显示出更好的反应活性和升温时间,包括在冷启动操作中,但仍获得了相似的分解性能效率。然而,在对 1 毫米催化剂进行测试的整个过程中观察到,伴随着压力峰值的快速物理降解导致了催化剂的损坏和细粒的出现,造成了床层的部分堵塞。
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引用次数: 0
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