Vehicle-to-grid, why not? An interview with battery electric vehicle users with various driving patterns in Utrecht, the Netherlands

Abstract

Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) is an innovative smart grid technology that enables surplus energy to be stored in the batteries of electric vehicles (EVs) during periods of low electricity demand and supplied back to the grid during peak demand. This process optimizes electricity usage, reduces transmission losses, and enhances grid efficiency. Despite its significant technical potential, the social dimensions of V2G adoption remain underexplored, particularly in understanding EV users' concerns and perceptions about this emerging technology. By conducting interviews with 33 battery EV users in Utrecht, Netherlands, this research investigates individual concerns and opinions regarding V2G applications, focusing on potential battery degradation and its implications for daily EV use. The findings reveal a spectrum of concerns among users. Private EV owners who prioritize battery longevity frequently express apprehension about the potential for accelerated degradation associated with V2G usage. In contrast, users who have greater confidence in the technology are generally less concerned. Many participants highlighted the need for robust, evidence-based information on the impact of V2G on battery health before deciding to engage in such programs. EV daily usage and mobility patterns also play a role in this process, where those with high daily mileage or irregular driving patterns, are concerned about the potential impact on vehicle availability and performance. These insights underline the need to address user-specific concerns and tailor V2G programs to accommodate diverse EV usage patterns.