Evaluation of thermal radiation and flow dynamics mechanisms in the Prandtl ternary nanofluid flow over a Riga plate using artificial neural networks: A modified Buongiorno model approach

Abstract

Compared with traditional fluids, ternary nanofluids have been demonstrated to considerably increase the thermal conductance and thermal transfer properties of base fluids. Their benefits include cooling, thermal management, and other uses for effective heat transmission. This study considers the heating effect of the Prandtl fluid while analyzing the flow of ternary nanofluids over a Riga plate. The hybrid ternary nanoparticles, consisting of titanium dioxide $\left(Ti{O}_2\right)$ and aluminum alloys, are suspended in engine oil which is used as base fluid. Brownian and thermophoretic features are incorporated into the mass and energy equations to improve the thermal characteristics of the new composition and stabilize the flow. Adding thermal radiation to the energy equation strengthens it even further. To evaluate the features of flow, the mathematical model involves the modified Buongiorno’s model. This framework aims to represent the influence of thermophoresis and Brownian motion on the system under consideration. The controlling differential equations are converted to ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using the appropriate similarity variables. Then, the Bvp4c algorithm is used to analyze ODEs. The effects of several factors on the temperature, concentration, and velocity profiles are discussed, and the results are illustrated using graphs and tables. Furthermore, skin friction and Nusselt numbers are calculated to evaluate other factors. This paper presented an innovative method using artificial neural networks (ANNs). A reliable data set is systematically collected and processed to guarantee precise testing, validation, and training of the ANN model. A comparison analysis has validated the findings of the study with previous literature. An increase in the Prandtl fluid parameters increases the velocity profile. The trend of increasing temperature in the ternary nanoliquid is attributed to the increasing values of the thermal heat generation/absorption factor. Additionally, a significant increase in the temperature of the ternary nanofluid is attained for the larger dimension and shape factors of the nanoparticle. The heat transmission rates of $Rd$ in $0.8,1.0,1.2,$ and 1.4, respectively, are $25.67\text{\%},33.86\text{\%},36.29\text{\%},$ and $40.13\text{\%}.$ As the value of $Rd$ increases from 0.8 to 1.4, the rate of heat transmission is increased by 7.91%.