Vulvovaginal candidiasis-an overview of current trends and the latest treatment strategies

Abstract

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is becoming more common, mostly affecting hospitalized and immunocompromised people. Candida albicans, among other species, is a significant causal agent, accounting for 90 % of infections. VVC, which affects up to 75 % of women, causes physical and psychological problems, with Candida albicans being associated in 85–95 % of cases(Dantas-Medeiros et al., 2023, Tomas et al., 2021, Dantas-Medeiros et al., 2021). Its physical symptoms include genital discomfort, decreased sexual pleasure, and psychological suffering. According to comparative research, pregnant women had a greater VVC prevalence, which can be ascribed to hormonal changes, poor hygiene, and diabetes. Antifungal medicines, which are widely used for therapy, have resulted in resistance issues, demanding a rethinking of therapeutic techniques. There are still diagnostic hurdles, with symptoms overlapping with other illnesses necessitating rigorous examination and laboratory tests. Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (RVVC) affects 138 million women each year, causing morbidity and lowering quality of life. Financial constraints highlight the importance of novel, well-tolerated medicines. Resistance to antifungal drugs, notably azoles, complicates therapy. Probiotics, which focus on vaginal microbiome balance, appear as viable preventative strategies. From menarche to menopause, hormonal changes increase susceptibility to VVC, with estrogen playing a critical role. The growing resistance and limited antifungal alternatives, translating research in to clinical practice is critical. Current care is based on antifungals, but problems continue, necessitating the investigation of new drugs. Oteseconazole and ibrexafungerp show promise and have the potential to change RVVC therapy. While useful, probiotics generally supplement standard antifungal methods. In conclusion, tackling the growing difficulties of VVC necessitates ongoing research, novel therapeutics, and possible vaccine development in order to reduce the significant worldwide burden presented by this common fungal illness.