Millepora “fire coral” toxins: An overview of their biological activities

Abstract

Research on marine bioactive compounds has increased significantly. These marine natural products have industrial, biotechnological, and pharmaceutical applications. Venomous cnidarians are a fundamental source of bioactive molecules. Millepora “fire coral” species (Phylum cnidaria) are the second most copious coral reef-forming and possess sticking toxic properties. Millepora hydrocorals sting can inflict a painful local reaction and systemic effects in humans. Here, we present the state of the art for the principal biological activities identified from these venomous organisms with classical and modern approaches. This study also includes a review of the general features of organisms of the genus Millepora, the existing toxinological reports, and the prospects for hydrocoral research. We aim to openly share information on Millepora toxin expertise to enable the invention of novel drugs and biotechnological and research tools.