Simple Synergic Colloidal Graphite and MXene Electrode Modification for Sensitive and Cost-Effective Voltammetric Determination of Rutin

Abstract

This study introduces a novel synergistic approach to electrode modification that combines colloidal graphite (CG) and MXenes, presenting a promising material for enhancing voltammetric detection of rutin. This innovative strategy improves electrode performance by providing high conductivity, tunable surface chemistry, and ease of fabrication, while remaining cost-effective. The CG–MXene-modified electrode exhibited significant enhancements in charge transfer rates and electroactive surface area, facilitating efficient interaction with rutin. Its oxidation at the modified electrode was identified as a quasi-reversible process controlled by diffusion. Under optimized conditions—specifically, a pH of 3.5 and a 5-minute preconcentration time—rutin determination was achieved across a broad linear concentration range of 1–125 µmol L⁻¹, with a limit of detection of 0.2 µmol L⁻¹. The electrode demonstrated high reproducibility and selectivity in the presence of common excipients and vitamins. Recovery studies further validated the accuracy of the method, confirming its suitability for determining rutin in pharmaceutical products and food supplements.