Range-free localization algorithm based on modified distance and improved black-winged kite algorithm

Abstract

Node localization is an important issue in wireless sensor networks and has received increasing attention in the field of IoT in recent years. The Distance Vector-Hop (DV-Hop) algorithm has been widely used due to its low cost and ease of application. However, it suffers from a large error due to the hop counting method and the network structures. In this paper, we optimize the distance estimation process in DV-Hop by proposing an error factor and designing an improved black-winged kite optimization algorithm (IBKA) to solve the problem of location calculation. In simulation tests, the convergence speed and accuracy of the IBKA are verified using different benchmark functions. In addition, the DV-Hop algorithm based on the IBKA is applied to the node localization process and compared with the four recent algorithms. The experimental results show that the algorithm obtains the best localization results on different network environments and C, H, and X-shaped network structures.