Advancements in zinc-air battery technology and water-splitting

Abstract

Zinc-air batteries (ZABs) are gaining significant attention as promising energy storage solutions due to their high energy density, affordability, abundance, and sustainability. Rechargeable zinc-air batteries (Re-ZABs) emerged as a viable alternative for consumer electronics and electric vehicles, offering extended operational life and improved safety features. Recent advancements in Re-ZAB technology have been focusing on enhancing key components, such as air cathodes, zinc (Zn) anodes, and gas diffusion membranes, to improve energy storage capacity and battery lifespan. However, widespread commercial adoption remains hindered by persistent challenges, including dendrite formation, Zn anode passivation, corrosion, and limited charge-discharge cycles. Additionally, the slow kinetics of oxygen electrochemical reactions (oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER)), and the interaction of oxygen with battery components present significant technical barriers. The development of durable and efficient oxygen electrocatalysts is essential for advancing Re-ZABs and related energy conversion technologies, such as fuel cells and water-splitting systems. This review provides a comprehensive overview of ZAB fundamentals, covering the transition from primary ZABs (Pr-ZABs) to rechargeable systems, alongside strategies to enhance battery efficiency and rechargeability. Particular attention is given to addressing Zn anode challenges, improving air cathodes, and evaluating the latest progress in unifunctional, bifunctional, and trifunctional electrocatalysts, including noble metal, transition metal, metal-organic framework (MOF)-based, and carbon-based materials. Finally, future research directions and potential advancements in Re-ZAB technology are explored, emphasizing their role in sustainable energy solutions.