Nanomaterials for Zinc Batteries-Aerogels.

Abstract

Aqueous zinc batteries, mainly including Zn-ion batteries (ZIBs) and Zn-air batteries (ZABs), are promising energy storage systems, but challenges exist at their current stage. For instance, the zinc anode in aqueous electrolyte is impacted by anodic dendrites, hydrogen and oxygen precipitation, and some other harmful side reactions, which severely affect the battery's lifespan. As for traditional cathode materials in ZIBs, low electrical conductivity, slow Zn²⁺ ion migration, and easy collapse of the crystal structure during ion embedding and migration bring challenges. Also, the slower critical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), for example, in ZABs shows unsatisfactory results. All these issues greatly hindered the development of zinc batteries. Aerogel materials, characterized by their high specific surface area, unique open-pore structure formed by nanoporous structures, and excellent physicochemical properties, have a positive role in cathode modification, electrode protection, and catalytic reactions in zinc batteries. This manuscript provides a systematic review of aerogel materials, highlighting advancements in their preparation and application for zinc batteries, aiming to promote the future progress and development of aerogel nanomaterials and zinc batteries.