2-form U(1) spin liquids: A classical model and quantum aspects

Abstract

We introduce a geometrically frustrated classical Ising model, dubbed the “spin-vorticity model,” whose ground-state manifold is a classical spin liquid: a 2-form Coulomb phase. We study the thermodynamics of this model both analytically and numerically, exposing the presence of algebraically decaying correlations and an extensive ground-state entropy, and give a comprehensive account of its ground-state properties and excitations. Each classical ground state may be decomposed into collections of closed two-dimensional membranes, supporting fractionalized string excitations attached to the edges of open membranes. At finite temperature, the model can then be described as a gas of closed strings in a background of fluctuating membranes. The emergent gauge structure of this spin liquid is naturally placed in the language of 2-form electrodynamics, which describes one-dimensional charged strings coupled to a rank-2 antisymmetric gauge field. After establishing the classical spin-vorticity model, we consider perturbing it with quantum exchange interactions, deriving an effective “membrane exchange” model of the quantum dynamics, analogous to ring exchange in quantum spin ice. We demonstrate the existence of a Rokhsar-Kivelson point where the quantum ground state is an equal-weight superposition of all classical ground-state configurations, i.e., a quantum spin liquid. The quantum aspects of this spin liquid are exposed by mapping the membrane exchange model to a strongly coupled frustrated 2-form U(1) lattice gauge theory. We further demonstrate how to quantize the string excitations by coupling a 1-form string field to the 2-form U(1) gauge field, thus mapping a quantum spin model to a 2-form U(1) gauge-Higgs model. We discuss the stability of the gapless deconfined phase of this gauge theory and the possibility of realizing a class of quantum phases of matter: 2-form U(1) quantum spin liquids. Published by the American Physical Society 2025