Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.110.205413
K. Sonowal, A. V. Parafilo, V. M. Kovalev, I. G. Savenko
We propose a nonlinear ac Hall effect in two-dimensional BCS single-band superconductors. Namely, a nonlinear ac transverse Hall current emerges in the superconductor interacting with an incident polarized light if a built-in dc supercurrent is present in the system. Applying the nonequilibrium Keldysh diagram technique, we calculate an ac Hall current density oscillating at double the electromagnetic field frequency. This current's strength is influenced by the inelastic relaxation rate, the dc supercurrent direction, and light polarization, with the ac current density being tunable via electron density. The ac Hall effect is unique to the superconducting state and is shaped by temperature, light frequency, and material characteristics.
{"title":"Nonlinear ac Hall effect in two-dimensional superconductors","authors":"K. Sonowal, A. V. Parafilo, V. M. Kovalev, I. G. Savenko","doi":"10.1103/physrevb.110.205413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.110.205413","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a nonlinear ac Hall effect in two-dimensional BCS single-band superconductors. Namely, a nonlinear ac transverse Hall current emerges in the superconductor interacting with an incident polarized light if a built-in dc supercurrent is present in the system. Applying the nonequilibrium Keldysh diagram technique, we calculate an ac Hall current density oscillating at double the electromagnetic field frequency. This current's strength is influenced by the inelastic relaxation rate, the dc supercurrent direction, and light polarization, with the ac current density being tunable via electron density. The ac Hall effect is unique to the superconducting state and is shaped by temperature, light frequency, and material characteristics.","PeriodicalId":20082,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review B","volume":"244 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142597332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.110.195408
Jakkapat Seeyangnok, Udomsilp Pinsook, Graeme J. Ackland
Janus transition metal-dichalcogenide materials have attracted a great deal of attention due to their remarkable physical properties arising from the two-dimensional geometry and the breakdown of the out-of-plane symmetry. Using first-principles density functional theory, we investigated the phase stability, strain-enhanced phase stability, and superconductivity of Janus WSeH and WSH. In addition, we investigated the contribution of the phonon linewidths from the phonon energy spectrum responsible for the superconductivity and the electron-phonon coupling as a function of phonon wave vectors and modes. Previous work has examined hexagonal 2H and tetragonal 1T structures, but we found that neither is a ground-state structure. The metastable 2H phase of WSeH is dynamically stable with <mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter="55" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex="1" jax="CHTML" overflow="linebreak" role="tree" sre-explorer- style="font-size: 100.7%;" tabindex="0"><mjx-math data-semantic-structure="(9 (2 0 1) 3 (8 4 7 6))"><mjx-mrow data-semantic-children="2,8" data-semantic-content="3" data-semantic- data-semantic-owns="2 3 8" data-semantic-role="equality" data-semantic-speech="normal upper T Subscript c Baseline almost equals 11.60 normal upper K" data-semantic-type="relseq"><mjx-msub data-semantic-children="0,1" data-semantic- data-semantic-owns="0 1" data-semantic-parent="9" data-semantic-role="latinletter" data-semantic-type="subscript"><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent="2" data-semantic-role="latinletter" data-semantic-type="identifier"><mjx-c>T</mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align: -0.15em;"><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple" data-semantic-font="italic" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent="2" data-semantic-role="latinletter" data-semantic-type="identifier" size="s"><mjx-c>𝑐</mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator="relseq,≈" data-semantic-parent="9" data-semantic-role="equality" data-semantic-type="relation" space="4"><mjx-c>≈</mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mrow data-semantic-added="true" data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple;clearspeak:unit" data-semantic-children="4,6" data-semantic-content="7" data-semantic- data-semantic-owns="4 7 6" data-semantic-parent="9" data-semantic-role="implicit" data-semantic-type="infixop" space="4"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent="8" data-semantic-role="float" data-semantic-type="number"><mjx-c noic="true" style="padding-top: 0.646em;">1</mjx-c><mjx-c noic="true" style="padding-top: 0.646em;">1</mjx-c><mjx-c noic="true" style="padding-top: 0.646em;">.</mjx-c><mjx-c noic="true" style="padding-top: 0.646em;">6</mjx-c><mjx-c style="padding-top: 0.646em;">0</mjx-c></mjx-mn><mjx-mspace data-semantic- data-semantic-operator="infixop," data-semantic-parent="8" data-semantic-role="space" data-semantic-
{"title":"Superconductivity and strain-enhanced phase stability of Janus tungsten chalcogenide hydride monolayers","authors":"Jakkapat Seeyangnok, Udomsilp Pinsook, Graeme J. Ackland","doi":"10.1103/physrevb.110.195408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.110.195408","url":null,"abstract":"Janus transition metal-dichalcogenide materials have attracted a great deal of attention due to their remarkable physical properties arising from the two-dimensional geometry and the breakdown of the out-of-plane symmetry. Using first-principles density functional theory, we investigated the phase stability, strain-enhanced phase stability, and superconductivity of Janus WSeH and WSH. In addition, we investigated the contribution of the phonon linewidths from the phonon energy spectrum responsible for the superconductivity and the electron-phonon coupling as a function of phonon wave vectors and modes. Previous work has examined hexagonal 2H and tetragonal 1T structures, but we found that neither is a ground-state structure. The metastable 2H phase of WSeH is dynamically stable with <mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"55\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" overflow=\"linebreak\" role=\"tree\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 100.7%;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math data-semantic-structure=\"(9 (2 0 1) 3 (8 4 7 6))\"><mjx-mrow data-semantic-children=\"2,8\" data-semantic-content=\"3\" data-semantic- data-semantic-owns=\"2 3 8\" data-semantic-role=\"equality\" data-semantic-speech=\"normal upper T Subscript c Baseline almost equals 11.60 normal upper K\" data-semantic-type=\"relseq\"><mjx-msub data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic- data-semantic-owns=\"0 1\" data-semantic-parent=\"9\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c>T</mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em;\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\" size=\"s\"><mjx-c>𝑐</mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-script></mjx-msub><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"relseq,≈\" data-semantic-parent=\"9\" data-semantic-role=\"equality\" data-semantic-type=\"relation\" space=\"4\"><mjx-c>≈</mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mrow data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple;clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"4,6\" data-semantic-content=\"7\" data-semantic- data-semantic-owns=\"4 7 6\" data-semantic-parent=\"9\" data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\" space=\"4\"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"8\" data-semantic-role=\"float\" data-semantic-type=\"number\"><mjx-c noic=\"true\" style=\"padding-top: 0.646em;\">1</mjx-c><mjx-c noic=\"true\" style=\"padding-top: 0.646em;\">1</mjx-c><mjx-c noic=\"true\" style=\"padding-top: 0.646em;\">.</mjx-c><mjx-c noic=\"true\" style=\"padding-top: 0.646em;\">6</mjx-c><mjx-c style=\"padding-top: 0.646em;\">0</mjx-c></mjx-mn><mjx-mspace data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,\" data-semantic-parent=\"8\" data-semantic-role=\"space\" data-semantic-","PeriodicalId":20082,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review B","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142597319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We investigate the energy band structure and energy levels of graphene with staggered intrinsic spin-orbit coupling and in-plane Zeeman fields. Our study demonstrates that staggered intrinsic spin-orbit coupling induces bulk band crossover at the 𝐾 and 𝐾′ valleys and generates antihelical edge states at the zigzag boundaries, resulting in topological metallic phases. Quantized transport coefficients confirm the existence of these antihelical edge states. Furthermore, an in-plane Zeeman field, regardless of orientation, opens a gap in the antihelical edge states while preserving bulk band closure, leading to higher-order topological metals with corner states. We also validate the presence of these corner states in nanoflakes with zigzag boundaries and confirm the metallic phases with crossed bands through a continuum low-energy model analysis.
{"title":"Two-dimensional higher-order topological metals","authors":"Lizhou Liu, Cheng-Ming Miao, Qing-Feng Sun, Ying-Tao Zhang","doi":"10.1103/physrevb.110.205415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.110.205415","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the energy band structure and energy levels of graphene with staggered intrinsic spin-orbit coupling and in-plane Zeeman fields. Our study demonstrates that staggered intrinsic spin-orbit coupling induces bulk band crossover at the <mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"35\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" overflow=\"linebreak\" role=\"tree\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 100.7%;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math data-semantic-structure=\"0\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper K\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c>𝐾</mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-math></mjx-container> and <mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"36\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" overflow=\"linebreak\" role=\"tree\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 100.7%;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math data-semantic-structure=\"(2 0 1)\"><mjx-msup data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic- data-semantic-owns=\"0 1\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper K prime\" data-semantic-type=\"superscript\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c>𝐾</mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: 0.363em; margin-left: 0.053em;\"><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"prime\" data-semantic-type=\"punctuation\" size=\"s\"><mjx-c>′</mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-script></mjx-msup></mjx-math></mjx-container> valleys and generates antihelical edge states at the zigzag boundaries, resulting in topological metallic phases. Quantized transport coefficients confirm the existence of these antihelical edge states. Furthermore, an in-plane Zeeman field, regardless of orientation, opens a gap in the antihelical edge states while preserving bulk band closure, leading to higher-order topological metals with corner states. We also validate the presence of these corner states in nanoflakes with zigzag boundaries and confirm the metallic phases with crossed bands through a continuum low-energy model analysis.","PeriodicalId":20082,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review B","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142597320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.110.205412
J. A. Sánchez-Monroy, Carlos Mera Acosta
The control of the spin degree of freedom is at the heart of spintronics, which can potentially be achieved by spin-orbit coupling or band topological effects. In this paper, we explore another potential controlled mechanism under debate: the spin-deformation coupling (SDC)—the coupling between intrinsic or extrinsic geometrical deformations and the spin degree of freedom. We focus on polar-deformed thin films or two-dimensional compounds, where the Rashba spin-orbit coupling (SOC) is considered as an <mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter="10" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex="1" jax="CHTML" overflow="linebreak" role="tree" sre-explorer- style="font-size: 100.7%;" tabindex="0"><mjx-math data-semantic-structure="(6 0 5 (4 1 2 3))"><mjx-mrow data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple" data-semantic-children="0,4" data-semantic-content="5,0" data-semantic- data-semantic-owns="0 5 4" data-semantic-role="prefix function" data-semantic-speech="SU left parenthesis 2 right parenthesis" data-semantic-type="appl"><mjx-mtext data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator="appl" data-semantic-parent="6" data-semantic-role="prefix function" data-semantic-type="function" style='font-family: MJX-STX-ZERO, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;'><mjx-utext style="font-size: 90.6%; padding: 0.828em 0px 0.221em; width: 18px;" variant="-explicitFont">SU</mjx-utext></mjx-mtext><mjx-mo data-semantic-added="true" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator="appl" data-semantic-parent="6" data-semantic-role="application" data-semantic-type="punctuation"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mrow data-semantic-added="true" data-semantic-children="2" data-semantic-content="1,3" data-semantic- data-semantic-owns="1 2 3" data-semantic-parent="6" data-semantic-role="leftright" data-semantic-type="fenced" space="2"><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator="fenced" data-semantic-parent="4" data-semantic-role="open" data-semantic-type="fence" style="vertical-align: -0.02em;"><mjx-c>(</mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent="4" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-type="number"><mjx-c>2</mjx-c></mjx-mn><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator="fenced" data-semantic-parent="4" data-semantic-role="close" data-semantic-type="fence" style="vertical-align: -0.02em;"><mjx-c>)</mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-mrow></mjx-mrow></mjx-math></mjx-container> non-Abelian gauge field. We demonstrate that the dynamics between surface and normal electronic degrees of freedom can be properly decoupled using the thin-layer approach by performing a suitable gauge transformation, as introduced in the context of many-body correlated systems. Our work leads to three significant results: (i) gauge invariance implies that the spin is uncoupled from the surface's extrinsic geometry, challenging the common consensus; (ii) the Rashba SOC on a curved surface can be included as an <mjx-container ctxtmenu_c
{"title":"Spin-deformation coupling in two-dimensional polar materials","authors":"J. A. Sánchez-Monroy, Carlos Mera Acosta","doi":"10.1103/physrevb.110.205412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.110.205412","url":null,"abstract":"The control of the spin degree of freedom is at the heart of spintronics, which can potentially be achieved by spin-orbit coupling or band topological effects. In this paper, we explore another potential controlled mechanism under debate: the spin-deformation coupling (SDC)—the coupling between intrinsic or extrinsic geometrical deformations and the spin degree of freedom. We focus on polar-deformed thin films or two-dimensional compounds, where the Rashba spin-orbit coupling (SOC) is considered as an <mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"10\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" overflow=\"linebreak\" role=\"tree\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 100.7%;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math data-semantic-structure=\"(6 0 5 (4 1 2 3))\"><mjx-mrow data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-children=\"0,4\" data-semantic-content=\"5,0\" data-semantic- data-semantic-owns=\"0 5 4\" data-semantic-role=\"prefix function\" data-semantic-speech=\"SU left parenthesis 2 right parenthesis\" data-semantic-type=\"appl\"><mjx-mtext data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"appl\" data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"prefix function\" data-semantic-type=\"function\" style='font-family: MJX-STX-ZERO, \"Helvetica Neue\", Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;'><mjx-utext style=\"font-size: 90.6%; padding: 0.828em 0px 0.221em; width: 18px;\" variant=\"-explicitFont\">SU</mjx-utext></mjx-mtext><mjx-mo data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"appl\" data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"application\" data-semantic-type=\"punctuation\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mrow data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic-children=\"2\" data-semantic-content=\"1,3\" data-semantic- data-semantic-owns=\"1 2 3\" data-semantic-parent=\"6\" data-semantic-role=\"leftright\" data-semantic-type=\"fenced\" space=\"2\"><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"4\" data-semantic-role=\"open\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" style=\"vertical-align: -0.02em;\"><mjx-c>(</mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"4\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\"><mjx-c>2</mjx-c></mjx-mn><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"fenced\" data-semantic-parent=\"4\" data-semantic-role=\"close\" data-semantic-type=\"fence\" style=\"vertical-align: -0.02em;\"><mjx-c>)</mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-mrow></mjx-mrow></mjx-math></mjx-container> non-Abelian gauge field. We demonstrate that the dynamics between surface and normal electronic degrees of freedom can be properly decoupled using the thin-layer approach by performing a suitable gauge transformation, as introduced in the context of many-body correlated systems. Our work leads to three significant results: (i) gauge invariance implies that the spin is uncoupled from the surface's extrinsic geometry, challenging the common consensus; (ii) the Rashba SOC on a curved surface can be included as an <mjx-container ctxtmenu_c","PeriodicalId":20082,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review B","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142597318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.110.174414
F. Le Mardelé, I. Mohelsky, D. Jana, A. Pawbake, J. Dzian, W.-L. Lee, K. Raju, R. Sankar, C. Faugeras, M. Potemski, M. E. Zhitomirsky, M. Orlita
Alloying stands out as a pivotal technological method employed across various compounds, be they metallic, magnetic, or semiconducting, serving to fine-tune their properties to meet specific requirements. Ternary semiconductors represent a prominent example of such alloys. They offer fine-tuning of electronic bands, the band gap in particular, thus granting the technology of semiconductor heterostructures devices, key elements in current electronics and optoelectronics. In the realm of magnetically ordered systems, akin to electronic bands in solids, spin waves exhibit characteristic dispersion relations, featuring sizable magnon gaps in many antiferromagnets. The engineering of the magnon gap constitutes a relevant direction in current research on antiferromagnets, aiming to leverage their distinct properties for terahertz technologies, spintronics, or magnonics. In this study, we showcase the tunability of the magnon gap across the terahertz spectral range within an alloy comprising representative semiconducting van der Waals antiferromagnets <mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter="10" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex="1" jax="CHTML" overflow="linebreak" role="tree" sre-explorer- style="font-size: 100.7%;" tabindex="0"><mjx-math data-semantic-structure="(2 0 1)"><mjx-msub data-semantic-children="0,1" data-semantic- data-semantic-owns="0 1" data-semantic-role="unknown" data-semantic-speech="upper F e upper P upper S 3" data-semantic-type="subscript"><mjx-mi data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent="2" data-semantic-role="unknown" data-semantic-type="identifier"><mjx-c noic="true" style="padding-top: 0.669em;">F</mjx-c><mjx-c noic="true" style="padding-top: 0.669em;">e</mjx-c><mjx-c noic="true" style="padding-top: 0.669em;">P</mjx-c><mjx-c style="padding-top: 0.669em;">S</mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align: -0.15em;"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent="2" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-type="number" size="s"><mjx-c>3</mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-math></mjx-container> and <mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter="11" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex="1" jax="CHTML" overflow="linebreak" role="tree" sre-explorer- style="font-size: 100.7%;" tabindex="0"><mjx-math data-semantic-structure="(2 0 1)"><mjx-msub data-semantic-children="0,1" data-semantic- data-semantic-owns="0 1" data-semantic-role="unknown" data-semantic-speech="upper N i upper P upper S 3" data-semantic-type="subscript"><mjx-mi data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent="2" data-semantic-role="unknown" data-semantic-type="identifier"><mjx-c noic="true" style="padding-top: 0.673em;">N</mjx-c><mjx-c noic="true" style="padding-top: 0.673em;">i</mjx-c><mjx-c noic="true" style="padding-top: 0.673em;">P</mjx-c><mjx-c style="padding-top: 0.673em;">S</mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style="vertical-align: -0.15em;"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple" data-s
{"title":"Tuning terahertz magnons in a mixed van der Waals antiferromagnet","authors":"F. Le Mardelé, I. Mohelsky, D. Jana, A. Pawbake, J. Dzian, W.-L. Lee, K. Raju, R. Sankar, C. Faugeras, M. Potemski, M. E. Zhitomirsky, M. Orlita","doi":"10.1103/physrevb.110.174414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.110.174414","url":null,"abstract":"Alloying stands out as a pivotal technological method employed across various compounds, be they metallic, magnetic, or semiconducting, serving to fine-tune their properties to meet specific requirements. Ternary semiconductors represent a prominent example of such alloys. They offer fine-tuning of electronic bands, the band gap in particular, thus granting the technology of semiconductor heterostructures devices, key elements in current electronics and optoelectronics. In the realm of magnetically ordered systems, akin to electronic bands in solids, spin waves exhibit characteristic dispersion relations, featuring sizable magnon gaps in many antiferromagnets. The engineering of the magnon gap constitutes a relevant direction in current research on antiferromagnets, aiming to leverage their distinct properties for terahertz technologies, spintronics, or magnonics. In this study, we showcase the tunability of the magnon gap across the terahertz spectral range within an alloy comprising representative semiconducting van der Waals antiferromagnets <mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"10\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" overflow=\"linebreak\" role=\"tree\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 100.7%;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math data-semantic-structure=\"(2 0 1)\"><mjx-msub data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic- data-semantic-owns=\"0 1\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper F e upper P upper S 3\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c noic=\"true\" style=\"padding-top: 0.669em;\">F</mjx-c><mjx-c noic=\"true\" style=\"padding-top: 0.669em;\">e</mjx-c><mjx-c noic=\"true\" style=\"padding-top: 0.669em;\">P</mjx-c><mjx-c style=\"padding-top: 0.669em;\">S</mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em;\"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\" size=\"s\"><mjx-c>3</mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-math></mjx-container> and <mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"11\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" overflow=\"linebreak\" role=\"tree\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 100.7%;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math data-semantic-structure=\"(2 0 1)\"><mjx-msub data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic- data-semantic-owns=\"0 1\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper N i upper P upper S 3\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c noic=\"true\" style=\"padding-top: 0.673em;\">N</mjx-c><mjx-c noic=\"true\" style=\"padding-top: 0.673em;\">i</mjx-c><mjx-c noic=\"true\" style=\"padding-top: 0.673em;\">P</mjx-c><mjx-c style=\"padding-top: 0.673em;\">S</mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em;\"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-s","PeriodicalId":20082,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review B","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142597323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.110.195302
Mou Yang, Qiao He
The reflection point is different from the incident point on the interface between two Weyl semimetals, and a spatial shift happens during the reflection. The reflection shift vector as a function of in-plane wave vector shows vortex structures in the incident pocket (the projection of the isoenergy surface on the junction interface) and on the pocket edge. We propose a topological quantity, which is defined by the contour integration of reflection shift along the pocket edge and is proven to be the number of edge vortices as well as that of the interface Fermi arcs connected to the pocket. Every vortex is an interface particle loaded with unit topological charge and the distribution of these topological particles reflects the internal structure of the incident pocket under the influence of the transmitted medium.
{"title":"Topology of Weyl semimetal interfaces uncovered by reflection shift","authors":"Mou Yang, Qiao He","doi":"10.1103/physrevb.110.195302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.110.195302","url":null,"abstract":"The reflection point is different from the incident point on the interface between two Weyl semimetals, and a spatial shift happens during the reflection. The reflection shift vector as a function of in-plane wave vector shows vortex structures in the incident pocket (the projection of the isoenergy surface on the junction interface) and on the pocket edge. We propose a topological quantity, which is defined by the contour integration of reflection shift along the pocket edge and is proven to be the number of edge vortices as well as that of the interface Fermi arcs connected to the pocket. Every vortex is an interface particle loaded with unit topological charge and the distribution of these topological particles reflects the internal structure of the incident pocket under the influence of the transmitted medium.","PeriodicalId":20082,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review B","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142597328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.110.195407
Ai-Ying Ye, Zhao Yang Zeng
Fano resonance is believed to arise when a direct path interferes with a resonant path. We demonstrate that this is not true for chiral electronic transmission without additional direct paths. To address the Fano effect in chiral electronic transport, we suggest an electronic Mach-Zehnder-Fano interferometer, which integrates a quantum dot into an electronic Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Due to the absence of backscattering in chiral electronic transport, Fano resonances can be fully adjusted by an external magnetic flux in the transmission, linear conductance, differential conductance, and differential shot noise of chiral electrons. Even the current and shot noise for a symmetric interferometer with two arms of the same length exhibit fully controllable resonances and distinct Fano characteristics. In particular, all the profiles in the various transport spectra follow the same evolution pattern in an evolution cycle that is resistant to changes in the device's defining parameters.
{"title":"Fully tunable Fano resonances in chiral electronic transport","authors":"Ai-Ying Ye, Zhao Yang Zeng","doi":"10.1103/physrevb.110.195407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.110.195407","url":null,"abstract":"Fano resonance is believed to arise when a direct path interferes with a resonant path. We demonstrate that this is not true for chiral electronic transmission without additional direct paths. To address the Fano effect in chiral electronic transport, we suggest an electronic Mach-Zehnder-Fano interferometer, which integrates a quantum dot into an electronic Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Due to the absence of backscattering in chiral electronic transport, Fano resonances can be fully adjusted by an external magnetic flux in the transmission, linear conductance, differential conductance, and differential shot noise of chiral electrons. Even the current and shot noise for a symmetric interferometer with two arms of the same length exhibit fully controllable resonances and distinct Fano characteristics. In particular, all the profiles in the various transport spectra follow the same evolution pattern in an evolution cycle that is resistant to changes in the device's defining parameters.","PeriodicalId":20082,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review B","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142597329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.110.184403
Zhuolun Qiu, Xi-Han Zhou, Hanchen Wang, Guang Yang, Tao Yu
Exceptional points with coalescence of eigenvalues and eigenvectors are spectral singularities in the parameter space, achieving which often needs fine-tuning of parameters in quantum systems. We predict a persistent realization of nodal magnon-photon polariton, i.e., a polariton of long wavelength without any gap splitting in a thin ferromagnetic insulator film sandwiched by two normal metals, which persistently exists when the ferromagnet is sufficiently thick ∼100 nm due to the joint effect of dissipation and dissipative coupling. We perform the model calculation beyond the perturbation theory using a classical approach, develop a quantum scheme able to account for the Ohmic dissipation, and find ultrastrong coupling with coupling strength comparable to the bare magnon frequency. Via revealing a simple conversion relation, we extend this formalism to superconductors and predict the gap opened by the ultrastrong coupling strongly depends on the direction of polariton propagation. Our findings may help search for robust non-Hermitian topological phases in magnonic and spintronic devices.
{"title":"Persistent nodal magnon-photon polariton in ferromagnetic heterostructures","authors":"Zhuolun Qiu, Xi-Han Zhou, Hanchen Wang, Guang Yang, Tao Yu","doi":"10.1103/physrevb.110.184403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.110.184403","url":null,"abstract":"Exceptional points with coalescence of eigenvalues and eigenvectors are spectral singularities in the parameter space, achieving which often needs fine-tuning of parameters in quantum systems. We predict a <i>persistent</i> realization of nodal magnon-photon polariton, i.e., a polariton of long wavelength without any gap splitting in a thin ferromagnetic insulator film sandwiched by two normal metals, which persistently exists when the ferromagnet is sufficiently thick <mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"32\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" overflow=\"linebreak\" role=\"tree\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 100.7%;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math data-semantic-structure=\"(3 2 0 1)\"><mjx-mrow data-semantic-children=\"2,1\" data-semantic-content=\"0\" data-semantic- data-semantic-owns=\"2 0 1\" data-semantic-role=\"equality\" data-semantic-speech=\"tilde 100\" data-semantic-type=\"relseq\"><mjx-mrow data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"empty\"></mjx-mrow><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"relseq,∼\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"equality\" data-semantic-type=\"relation\"><mjx-c>∼</mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\" space=\"4\"><mjx-c noic=\"true\" style=\"padding-top: 0.642em;\">1</mjx-c><mjx-c noic=\"true\" style=\"padding-top: 0.642em;\">0</mjx-c><mjx-c style=\"padding-top: 0.642em;\">0</mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-mrow></mjx-math></mjx-container> nm due to the joint effect of dissipation and dissipative coupling. We perform the model calculation <i>beyond the perturbation theory</i> using a classical approach, develop a quantum scheme able to account for the Ohmic dissipation, and find ultrastrong coupling with coupling strength comparable to the bare magnon frequency. Via revealing a simple conversion relation, we extend this formalism to superconductors and predict the gap opened by the ultrastrong coupling strongly depends on the direction of polariton propagation. Our findings may help search for robust non-Hermitian topological phases in magnonic and spintronic devices.","PeriodicalId":20082,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review B","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142597325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.110.205119
Linze Li, Xu Li, Liyan Lin, Dehe Zhang, Mingxing Chen, Di Wu, Yurong Yang
Valley, as an emerging degree of freedom of electron, has attracted extensive attention on account of its huge potential in electronic component technology. Two-dimensional (2D) materials provide an ideal platform for the research of valleytronics. Here, we study the sliding and twist effects on valley of bilayer <mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter="74" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex="1" jax="CHTML" overflow="linebreak" role="tree" sre-explorer- style="font-size: 100.7%;" tabindex="0"><mjx-math data-semantic-structure="(2 0 1)"><mjx-msub data-semantic-children="0,1" data-semantic- data-semantic-owns="0 1" data-semantic-role="unknown" data-semantic-speech="upper N i upper I 2" data-semantic-type="subscript"><mjx-mrow><mjx-mi data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent="2" data-semantic-role="unknown" data-semantic-type="identifier"><mjx-c noic="true" style="padding-top: 0.673em;">N</mjx-c><mjx-c noic="true" style="padding-top: 0.673em;">i</mjx-c><mjx-c style="padding-top: 0.673em;">I</mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow><mjx-script style="vertical-align: -0.15em;"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple" data-semantic-font="normal" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent="2" data-semantic-role="integer" data-semantic-type="number" size="s"><mjx-c>2</mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-math></mjx-container> by the first-principles calculations. For a monolayer, spatial inversion symmetry maintains the degeneracy of two valleys. In the AA stacking bilayer, which can be obtained by a vertical translation operation on a monolayer structure, the valley band splitting is absent due to the <mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter="75" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex="1" jax="CHTML" overflow="linebreak" role="tree" sre-explorer- style="font-size: 100.7%;" tabindex="0"><mjx-math data-semantic-structure="(7 (2 0 1) 6 (5 3 4))"><mjx-mrow data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:unit" data-semantic-children="2,5" data-semantic-content="6" data-semantic- data-semantic-owns="2 6 5" data-semantic-role="implicit" data-semantic-speech="ModifyingAbove upper P With ̂ ModifyingAbove upper T With ̂" data-semantic-type="infixop"><mjx-mover data-semantic-children="0,1" data-semantic- data-semantic-owns="0 1" data-semantic-parent="7" data-semantic-role="latinletter" data-semantic-type="overscore"><mjx-over style="padding-bottom: 0.102em; padding-left: 0.379em; margin-bottom: -0.536em;"><mjx-mo data-semantic-annotation="accent:unknown" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent="2" data-semantic-role="overaccent" data-semantic-type="operator" style="width: 0px; margin-left: -0.286em;"><mjx-c>ˆ</mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-over><mjx-base><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation="clearspeak:simple" data-semantic-font="italic" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent="2" data-semantic-role="latinletter" data-semantic-type="identifier"><mjx-c>𝑃</mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-base></mjx-mover><mjx-mo data-semantic-added="true" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator="infixop," data-semantic-parent="7" data-semantic-role="m
谷电作为一种新兴的电子自由度,因其在电子元件技术中的巨大潜力而受到广泛关注。二维(2D)材料为谷电研究提供了一个理想的平台。在此,我们通过第一性原理计算研究了双层 NiI2 的滑动和扭曲效应。对于单层来说,空间反转对称性维持了两个谷的退变性。在单层结构上通过垂直平移操作可以得到的 AA 堆积双层中,由于ˆ𝑃ˆ𝑇联合对称性,谷带分裂不存在。AA 堆积双分子层的层间滑动不能破坏ˆ𝑃ˆ𝑇联合对称性,因此在滑动体系中不会出现 AA 堆积的谷带分裂。对于 AA′堆积双分子层,谷带分裂发生的同时,由于ˆ𝑀𝑍ˆ𝑇联合对称,谷极化仍然不存在。与 AA 叠层体系不同,AA′体系的𝑀𝑍ˆ𝑇联合对称性可以通过层间滑动而被打破,并实现了谷极化。此外,由于扭转打破了空间反转对称性,在扭转角度分别为 13.174∘、21.787∘、27.796∘、32.204∘、38.213∘ 和 46.826∘的扭转摩尔结构中也存在山谷极化。我们的研究结果通过二维双层结构的层间滑动和扭曲拓宽了谷极化材料。
{"title":"Sliding- and twist-tunable valley polarization in bilayerNiI2","authors":"Linze Li, Xu Li, Liyan Lin, Dehe Zhang, Mingxing Chen, Di Wu, Yurong Yang","doi":"10.1103/physrevb.110.205119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.110.205119","url":null,"abstract":"Valley, as an emerging degree of freedom of electron, has attracted extensive attention on account of its huge potential in electronic component technology. Two-dimensional (2D) materials provide an ideal platform for the research of valleytronics. Here, we study the sliding and twist effects on valley of bilayer <mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"74\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" overflow=\"linebreak\" role=\"tree\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 100.7%;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math data-semantic-structure=\"(2 0 1)\"><mjx-msub data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic- data-semantic-owns=\"0 1\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-speech=\"upper N i upper I 2\" data-semantic-type=\"subscript\"><mjx-mrow><mjx-mi data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c noic=\"true\" style=\"padding-top: 0.673em;\">N</mjx-c><mjx-c noic=\"true\" style=\"padding-top: 0.673em;\">i</mjx-c><mjx-c style=\"padding-top: 0.673em;\">I</mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: -0.15em;\"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\" size=\"s\"><mjx-c>2</mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-script></mjx-msub></mjx-math></mjx-container> by the first-principles calculations. For a monolayer, spatial inversion symmetry maintains the degeneracy of two valleys. In the AA stacking bilayer, which can be obtained by a vertical translation operation on a monolayer structure, the valley band splitting is absent due to the <mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"75\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" overflow=\"linebreak\" role=\"tree\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 100.7%;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math data-semantic-structure=\"(7 (2 0 1) 6 (5 3 4))\"><mjx-mrow data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"2,5\" data-semantic-content=\"6\" data-semantic- data-semantic-owns=\"2 6 5\" data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-speech=\"ModifyingAbove upper P With ̂ ModifyingAbove upper T With ̂\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><mjx-mover data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic- data-semantic-owns=\"0 1\" data-semantic-parent=\"7\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"overscore\"><mjx-over style=\"padding-bottom: 0.102em; padding-left: 0.379em; margin-bottom: -0.536em;\"><mjx-mo data-semantic-annotation=\"accent:unknown\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"overaccent\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\" style=\"width: 0px; margin-left: -0.286em;\"><mjx-c>ˆ</mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-over><mjx-base><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"italic\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c>𝑃</mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-base></mjx-mover><mjx-mo data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,\" data-semantic-parent=\"7\" data-semantic-role=\"m","PeriodicalId":20082,"journal":{"name":"Physical Review B","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142597331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}