{"title":"Maximum Energy of Solar Flares in the Modern Era","authors":"V. L. Merzlyakov","doi":"10.1134/S0016793224700543","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>The maximum energy of a solar flare is found using a model of particle acceleration in a magnetic <i>X</i>-singularity. Based on a comparison of this model with observed extreme events, it was determined that flares with the highest possible energy have already been observed. These include events of 1859, 1940, 2003, which had an X-ray class of <i>X</i>40 ± 5 (according to the GOES classification). In this case, the maximum flare energy in the modern era does not exceed 5 × 10<sup>32</sup> erg, and such powerful flares occur at intervals of about 70 years.</p>","PeriodicalId":55597,"journal":{"name":"Geomagnetism and Aeronomy","volume":"64 8","pages":"1395 - 1397"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7000,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Geomagnetism and Aeronomy","FirstCategoryId":"89","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0016793224700543","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q4","JCRName":"GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract
The maximum energy of a solar flare is found using a model of particle acceleration in a magnetic X-singularity. Based on a comparison of this model with observed extreme events, it was determined that flares with the highest possible energy have already been observed. These include events of 1859, 1940, 2003, which had an X-ray class of X40 ± 5 (according to the GOES classification). In this case, the maximum flare energy in the modern era does not exceed 5 × 1032 erg, and such powerful flares occur at intervals of about 70 years.
期刊介绍：
Geomagnetism and Aeronomy is a bimonthly periodical that covers the fields of interplanetary space; geoeffective solar events; the magnetosphere; the ionosphere; the upper and middle atmosphere; the action of solar variability and activity on atmospheric parameters and climate; the main magnetic field and its secular variations, excursion, and inversion; and other related topics.
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